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. 2021 Aug 6;10(4):1815–1835. doi: 10.1007/s40121-021-00509-4

Table 3.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics, MIC90 and MIC range of new oral antimicrobials against ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales

Antibiotics (formulations) Pharmacokinetic characteristics Organisms (n) MIC90 (mg/L) MIC range (mg/L) References
Plasma binding protein (%) Oral bioavailability (%) Urinary concentration (%)
Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide (oral) 60–70% 50–60% 55–60% ESBL-positive Enterobacterales (118) 0.25 0.03–0.25 [35]
ESBL-positive E. coli (175) 0.03 0.008–0.5 [36]
Sulopenem-etzadroxil/probenecid (oral and IV) 11% NA NA ESBL-positive E. coli (49) 0.06 0.03–0.12 [37]
Cefpodoxime/ETX0282 (oral)

Cefpodoxime (21–29%)

ETX1317 (NA)

Cefpodoxime (50%)

ETX1317 (NA)

Cefpodoxime

(29–33%)

ETX1317 (NA)

 ESBL-positive Enterobacterales (303) 2 0.06–4 [38]
ESBL-positive E. coli (301) 0.12 ≤ 0.015–4 [39]
ESBL-positive Klebsiella spp. (306) 1 0.06–16
ESBL-positive Citrobacter spp. (120) 0.5 0.03–16
ESBL-positive Enterobacter spp. (90) 1 0.06–4
ESBL-positive Proteus spp. (93) 1 ≤ 0.015–32
Ceftibuten/VNRX-7145 (oral)

Ceftibuten (65%)

VNRX5236 (NA)

Ceftibuten (75–90%)

VNRX5236 (NA)

Ceftibuten (57–59%)

VNRX5236 (NA)

 Enterobacterales (205) 1 ≤ 0.015 to > 32 [40]
ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (50) 0.12 ≤ 0.015 to > 32
KPC-producing Enterobacterales (50) 0.5 ≤ 0.015–8
OXA-48-like-producing Enterobacterales (50) 1 ≤ 0.015 to > 32
Enterobacterales (1066) 2 ≤ 0.25 to > 32 [41]
ESBL-positive Enterobacterales (634) 0.5 ≤ 0.25 to > 32
KPC-positive Enterobacterales (61) 2 ≤ 0.25–32
Ceftibuten/ARX-1796 (oral) ARX-1796 (NA) ARX-1796 (NA) ARX-1796 (NA) ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (50) 0.06 ≤ 0.03–0.12 [42]
Ceftibuten/QPX7728 (oral and IV)

Ceftibuten (65%)

QPX7728 (NA)

Ceftibuten (75–90%)

QPX7728 (NA)

Ceftibuten (57–59%)

QPX7728 (NA)

 E. coli (92) ≤ 0.015 NA [43]

NA Not available