Table 1.

Physiological effects of sex steroid hormones on receptors expression, signaling pathways, and metabolic alterations in the skeletal muscles.

	Receptors expression in muscle cells	IGF-1/Akt/mTOR pathway	MAPK pathway	Wnt and notch pathway	Myostatin	MyoD and myogenin	IGF-1	Inflammatory environment	Mitochondrial function
Testosetone	+	+	+	+	+	ND	+	+	+
Estrogen	+	+	+	ND	+	+	+	+	+
Progesterone	+	ND	ND	ND	ND	+	ND	ND	+
DHEA	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	+	ND	+

DHEA, Dehydroepiandrosterone; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1; ND, No available data.