Table 3.

Anti-cancer drugs screened using 3D tissue-engineered models in different cancer types.

Sl. No	Cancer type	Cell lines	Drugs	3D scaffold model	Effect	References
1	Lung cancer	A549	Doxorubicin, cisplatin, curcumin, paclitaxel, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine	Porous polymeric microspheres/microparticles	Increased drug resistance	(68, 69)
		A549	Cilengitide	Fibroblast layered polystyrene scaffold	• Inhibit cell adhesion • No cell cytotoxic effects	(73)
2	Breast cancer	MCF7	Doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, (Z)-4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT), fulvestrant, palbociclib	Patient-derived scaffold	• Higher doses of doxorubicin inhibit cell proliferation and CSC phenotype • 5-Fluorouracil decreased cell proliferation but a slight increase in CSC phenotype was observed • Paclitaxel has little or no effects on cell proliferation and CSC phenotype • Increased drug resistance to 4OHT and fulvestrant with an increase CSC phenotype • Palbociclib decreased cell proliferation	(57, 74)
		MCF7	5-Fluorouracil	Decellularized tissue matrix	• Increased CSC phenotype • Increased drug resistance with decreased apoptosis rate	(6, 75)
		MCF7	Doxorubicin	Fibrous scaffold	Increased drug resistance	(76)
		HCC1954	Doxorubicin and Bleomycin	Electrospun PCL based scaffold	• Cells were less sensitive to doxorubicin cytotoxic effects and showed an increased drug resistance. • Bleomycin alone does not affect cell viability • Cells were less susceptible to electroporation/bleomycin cytotoxic effects and showed an increased drug resistance	(62)
		EMT6	Doxorubicin	Silk fibroin scaffold	Cells were less sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin	(12)
		MCF7	Geniposide	3D printed hydrogel-based scaffold	Inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis	(77)
		MCF7	Cilengitide	Fibroblast layered polystyrene scaffold	• Inhibit cell adhesion • No cell cytotoxic effects	(73)
		Primary breast cancer cells from patients	Doxorubicin and mitoxanthrone	Porous PCL based scaffold	Effect of drug varied with patient samples	(78)
3	Gastric cancer	AGS	Cisplatin	Porous silk scaffold	• Cisplatin loaded nanocomposite silk hydrogel showed an increase in shelf life • Gastric cancer cells were more sensitive to cisplatin nanocomposite silk hydrogel cytotoxic effects and prevented gastric cancer recurrence	(79)
4	Neuroblastoma	Kelly, KellyCis83	Cisplatin	Collagen-based scaffold	Increased drug resistance	(80)
5	Colorectal cancer	HT29, HCT116	5-Fluorouracil	Patient-derived scaffold	• Cells less sensitive to 5-fluorouracil cytotoxic effects • Increased drug resistance	(81, 82)
6	Ovarian cancer	OV-NC, OV-206	Carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel	Collagen-based scaffold	Increased drug resistance.	(28)
		HO-8910PM	Cisplatin, and paclitaxel	Hydrogel-based scaffold	Increased drug resistance	(27)
		R182	Docetaxel, cisplatin and doxorubicin	Collagen-based hydrogel scaffold	• Decreased apoptosis • Increased drug resistance	(83)
7	Bladder cancer	5637, T24	Rapamycin, BCG	3D printed hydrogel-based scaffold	Increased drug resistance and cells showed less sensitivity to both the drugs	(37)
8	Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)	Jurkat	Cytarabine and daunorubicin	Collagen coated PCL scaffold	Increased drug resistance	(8)
9	Glioma	U118	Temozolomide	3D printed hydrogel-based scaffold	Increased drug resistance	(55)