TABLE 1.
Features of dental tissue derived MSCs and the regulation role of PTH1R signaling.
| Origins | Surface markers | Lineage tracing animal models | Differentiation capabilities | Effect of PTH1R signaling | |||
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| + | − | In vitro | In vivo | ||||
| Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) | Dental pulp | CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, CD271, STRO-1, STRO-3 | CD3, CD8, CD14, CD15, CD19, CD33, CD34, CD45, CD71, CD117, CD133 | Wnt1, Gli1, α-SMA, Prx1 | Osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, hepatogenic, cardiogenic, endothelial cells, pancreatic cells | Form dentin-pulp like complex Regenerate pulp Repair peripheral nerve injury | Enhanced osteo/odontogenic differentiation Stimulated phosphorylation of PKB/AKT, ERK, JNK |
| Dental follicle progenitor cells (DFPCs) | Dental follicle | CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, Notch1, STRO-1, Nestin | CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD117 | Osx, PTHrP, Gli1, Prx1 | Osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, cementogenic, neurogenic | Regenerate periodontal tissue Root regeneration | Regulated the differentiation of Osx+ and PTHrP+ progenitors during tooth root formation PTHrP in epithelium stimulated DFPCs-induced osteoclast formation |
| Orofacial bone/bone-marrow-derived MSCs (OMSCs) | Orofacial bone/bone-marrow | CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, SSEA-4, Oct-4 | CD14, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45 | Wnt1, LepR, Prx1 | Osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic | Form bony tissue | Increased osteogenesis of Prx1+ progenitors during eruption Enhanced proliferation and osteogenesis of LepR+ progenitors Downregulated p16ink4a and specific senescent-associated secretory phenotype in aged OMSCs |
| Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) | Periodontal ligament | CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD166, STRO-1, STRO-4 | CD14, CD31, CD34, CD40, CD45, CD54, CD79a, CD80, CD86 | Lrig1, Wnt1, Axin2, Gli1 | Adipogenic, chondrogenic, osteogenic, neurogenic, cementogenic, cardiogenic, pancreatic cells, ectoderm lineage cells | Form cementum-PDL like structure Regenerate periodontal tissue | Regulated PDL formation, construction of collagen fibers, and Periostin expression Induced osteogenesis of STRO1+ PDLSCs Assisted SDF-1α in recruiting PDLSCs to periodontal defects |
| Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) | Apical papilla | CD24, CD29, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1 | CD14, CD18, CD34, CD45, CD150 | Wnt1, Gli1 | Odontogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic | Form root-periodontal like complex | Enhanced osteo/odontogenic differentiation Stimulated phosphorylation of ERK, JNK |
| Tooth germ progenitor cells (TGPCs) | Third molar tooth germ | CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166 | CD14, CD34, CD45, CD133, CD117 | N/A | Odontogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic, endothelial cells, epithelial cells | Contribute to neuro protection | PTH (1–34) enhanced osteogenic ability at early developmental stage PTH (53–84) stimulate osteogenic ability at late stage |
| Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) | Human exfoliated deciduous teeth | CD13, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1 | CD3, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD106, HLA-DR | N/A | Osteogenic, odontogenic, adipogenic, neurogenic, endothelial-genic | Form bony tissue Regenerate pulp Regenerate periodontal tissue Promote facial nerve repair | N/A |
| Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) | Gingiva | STRO-1, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146 | CD11b, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | N/A | Osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, keratogenic | Form bony tissue | N/A |