TABLE 1.
List of receptors relevant to energy homeostasis and capable of localizing to the primary cilium.
| Receptor | References for ciliary localization | Cell and tissue contexts described for ciliary localization (overexpressed and endogenous) | Ligand(s) | Function related to energy homeostasis |
| DRD1 | Marley and von Zastrow, 2010; Domire et al., 2011 | NIH3T3, IMCD3, several regions of brain including primary striatal neurons and amygdala | Dopamine | Feeding |
| EP4/PTGER4 | Jin et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2021 | RPE-1, IMCD3, Min6, aTC9, pancreatic beta and alpha cells | Prostaglandin E2 | Glucagon and insulin secretion |
| FFAR4/GPR120 | Hilgendorf et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2021 | 3T3-L1, white adipose tissue, Min6, αTC9, pancreatic beta and alpha cells | Omega-3 fatty acids | Adipogenesis; glucagon and insulin secretion |
| GALR2 | Loktev and Jackson, 2013 | RPE-1 | Galanin | Feeding |
| GALR3 | Loktev and Jackson, 2013 | RPE-1, cultured hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamus section | Galanin | feeding |
| GPR83 | Loktev and Jackson, 2013 | RPE-1, several regions of brain, e.g., olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens | Orphan | Feeding |
| HTR6 | Hamon et al., 1999; Brailov et al., 2000 | Several regions of brain including nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles | Serotonin | Feeding |
| IGF-1R | Zhu et al., 2009; Dalbay et al., 2015 | 3T3-L1, MSCs | IGF-1, insulin | Multiple including adipogenesis |
| Insulin Receptor (IR isoform A only) | Gerdes et al., 2014 | Min6, pancreatic beta cells | Insulin | Beta cell insulin secretion (IR-A is not expressed in mature adipocytes |
| KISSR1 | Koemeter-Cox et al., 2014 | IMCD3, medial hypothalamus | Kisspeptin | Physical activity, energy expenditure |
| MC4R | Siljee et al., 2018 | MEF, RPE-1, IMCD3, subset of hypothalamic neurons | Melanocyte stimulating hormone | Feeding |
| MCHR1 | Berbari et al., 2008 | IMCD3, nucleus accumbens | Melanin-concentrating hormone | Feeding |
| NMUR1 | Omori et al., 2015 | NIH3T3 | Neuromedin U | Feeding |
| NPY2R | Loktev and Jackson, 2013; Omori et al., 2015 | NIH3T3, RPE-1, cultured hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamus section (arcuate nucleus) | Neuropeptides NPY, peptide YY | Feeding |
| NPY5R | Loktev and Jackson, 2013 | RPE-1, cultured hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamus section | Neuropeptides NPY, peptide YY | Feeding |
| PRLHR | Omori et al., 2015 | NIH3T3, third ventricle mouse brain | Prolactin-releasing hormone | Feeding |
| PTCH1 | Rohatgi et al., 2007 | MEFs, NIH3T3, mouse embryo mesoderm cells | Hedgehog | Multiple including MSC commitment |
| QRFPR | Loktev and Jackson, 2013 | RPE-1, cultured hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamus section | Neuropeptide QRFP | Feeding |
| SMO | Corbit et al., 2005 | MDCK; MEFs, IMCD3, nodal cells | Oxysterols | Multiple including MSC commitment |
| SSTR3 | Handel et al., 1999; Iwanaga et al., 2011 | Several regions of brain including hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebellum; pancreatic islets; anterior pituitary | Somatostatin | Feeding |
| TGR5 | Keitel et al., 2010 | Isolated cholangiocytes, liver sections | Bile acid | Bile composition |
| P2YR12 | Masyuk et al., 2008 | Rat liver section (cholangiocytes) | ADP | Bile composition |