Table 2.
Clinical trials focusing on ED as secondary target.
| References |
A: primary target, B: secondary target |
Treatment |
Age groups participants (n) |
Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrian et al. (450) | A: NSSI & suicidality, B: ED | DBT vs. IGST vs. other treatments | Adolescents (Ø = 14.89 years) n = 99 | DBT appears to be more effective for the treatment of suicidal adolescents with higher levels of ED than IGST |
| Bjureberg et al. (210) | A: NSSI, B: ED | ERITA online (BT) | Adolescents (13–17 years) n = 25 | After treatment reduction of NSSI and ED in adolescents & improvement of parental adaptive behavior ES (past month NSSI frequency) = 0.88, ES (global functioning) = 1.01, ES (ED) = 0.75, ES (NSSI versatility)= 0.63 (number of different types of NSSI behaviors) |
| Blader et al. (447) | A: ADHD, B: DMDD | Family-based BT | Children (6–13 years) n = 156 | Reduction of DMDD symptoms. Decrease of aggressive behavior in 51% |
| Bogen et al. (448) | A: Depression, B: ED | Light therapy | Adolescents (12–17 years) n = 57 | No improvement of ED, but ED could eventually be enhanced by amelioration of sleep & circadian rhythm; partial Eta2(sleep quality) = 0.02, partial Eta2(restorative sleep) = 0.09, partial Eta2(circadian preference) = 0.22 |
| Boutelle et al. (258) | A: Eating Disorder, B: ED | PEER (BT) | Adolescents (13–17 years) n = 53 | Significant reduction of emotional eating situations. Trend toward reduction of ED; ES = 0.32 |
| Ford et al. (449) | A: PTSD, B: ED | TARGET vs. ETAU | Female delinquent adolescents (13–17 years) n = 59 | Both therapies reduced anxiety, anger, depression, and posttraumatic cognitions (medium effect sizes). Interaction effect between TARGET and time with respect to PTSD, anxiety, posttraumatic cognitions, and emotion regulation |
| Ford et al. (473) | A: PTSD, B: ED | TARGET | Detained adolescents (11–16 years) n = 394 | TARGET was associated with fewer disciplinary incidents and seclusion |
| Garrett et al. (432) | A: Depression/Mania, B: ED | Multimodal therapy | Adolescents (13–17 years) n = 24 | Improvement of mood dysregulation was associated with increased activation in DLPFC, decreased activation in amygdala, and reduced maniac symptoms; ES(maniac symptoms) = 0.59, ES(CDRS) = 0.56 |
| Goldstein et al. (451) | A: Bipolar Disorders, B: ED | DBT | Adolescents (12–18 years) n = 10 | Significant improvement of all symptoms (NSSI, suicidality, depressive, maniac, and ED symptoms) ES(ED) = 0.3 |
| Heinrich et al. (452) | A: ADHD, B: ED | Neuro-feedback | Children (8–12 years) n = 30 | Improvement of ED symptoms & cognitive and behavioral dysregulation. Decrease of ADHD specific symptoms, |
| Kaufman et al. (453) | A: Self-injury, B: ED | DBT | Female adolescents (13–17 years) n = 60 | Reduction of self-injury and ED symptoms |
| Kiani et al. (434) | A: ADHD, B: ED & executive functions | MMT | Female adolescents (13–15 years) n = 30 | Improvement of ED symptoms and executive functions scores ES = “large” |
| Marco et al. (454) | A: ODD, B: ED | DBT | Female adolescents (12–18 years) n = 2 | Reduction of impulsive behaviors, maladaptive ER strategies |
| Marrow et al. (474) | A: PTSD, B: ED | TAU & trauma training for staff (CG) vs. TAU & environmental modifications (trauma training for staff, trauma affect regulation) (EG) | Detained adolescents (11–19 years) n = 74 | Significant reduction in depression, threatening of staff, use of physical restraints, seclusion rates in the intervention program |
| McCauley et al. (164) | A: suicidality & NSSI, B: ED | DBT | Adolescents (12–18 years) n = 173 | Improvement of all outcomes: Decrease of NSSI, risk of lifetime suicide attempt and ED; ES (end of active treatment) = 0.34, ES (end of follow up) = 0.11 |
| Popolo et al. (446) | A: Personality disorder, B: ED & Alexithymia | MIT-G | Adolescents & young adults (16–25 years) n = 17 | Improvement of specific symptoms of personality disorder and of functioning. Reduction of ED symptoms; ES(different symptoms) = 0.14–1.17 |
| Schuppert et al. (455) | A: BPD, B: ED | ERT vs. TAU | Adolescents (14–19 years) n = 43 | ERT had no additional effect on symptoms of BPD (including ED). Only TAU (medication, psychotherapy, systemic therapy …) improved BPD-symptoms (including ED) |
| Sharma-Patel et al. (100) | A: PTSD, B: ED | Tf-CBT | Children & adolescents (4–17 years) n = 118 | Decrease of PTSD symptoms (ED included) |
| Sloan et al. (456) | A: SAD, B: ED & Anxiety & Depression | ERIC | Adolescents & young adults (16–20 years) n = 79 | Significant reduction of ED in 60%, significant decrease of depression and anxiety ratings in 50–60%; ES = −0.53 |
| Suveg et al. (457) | A: Anxiety disorders, B: ED | CBT | Children & adolescents (7–15 years) n = 37 | Significant reduction of anxiety symptoms, improvement of ED and coping strategies for only one emotion (“worry”); ES = 0.82 |
| Thornback and Muller (91) | A: PTSD, B: ED | Tf-CBT | Children (7–12 years) n = 107, 44 at follow up | Significant reduction of PTSD symptoms, decrease of the use of maladaptive ER strategies. ED was the best predictor for improvements of PTSD symptoms; ES (pre treatment to 6 months follow up) = 0.36 |
BT, Behavioral Treatment; CBT, Cognitive Behavioral Treatment; Tf-CBT, Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Treatment; CDBT, Dialectic Behavioral Treatment; CDRS, Children's Depression Rating Scale Revised; ERIC, Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Treatment; ERITA, Emotion Regulation Individual Therapy for Adolescents; ES, effect size; ERT, Emotion Regulation Training; ETAU, Enhanced Treatment as Usual; IGST, Individual/Group Supportive Therapy; MATCH, Modular Approach to Therapy for children with anxiety, Depression, Trauma or Conduct Problems; MDT, Mode Deactivation Therapy; MFWSB, More Fun with Sisters and Brothers; MIT-G, Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy in Groups; MMT, Mindfulness Meditation Therapy; PEER, Preventing Emotional Eating Routines; TARGET, Trauma Affect Regulation, Guide for Education and Therapy; TAU, Treatment as Usual; Tf-CBT, Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Treatment.