Table 1.
Characteristics of 58 included studies by continent
| First author | Country | Study design | Recruitment window | Study size (total n) | Setting | Ethnic groups | Ethnicity based on | Reported on COVID-19 outcome | ||||
| Infection | Hospita-lisation | Severe disease | ICU admission | Death | ||||||||
| Mehta N | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 18 472 | Hospital | White, Black, Other | Not reported | * | ||||
| Zachariah P | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 50 | Hospital | White, Hispanic | From medical records | * | ||||
| Haimovich AD | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 2182 | Hospital | Not Hispanic or Latino, Hispanic or Latino/White, Black or African American | Not reported | *‡ | ||||
| Van Gerwen M | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 3703 | General population | Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Other, Unknown | Not reported | *§ | *§ | *§ | ||
| Maeda T | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 224 | Hospital | White, Black, Asian, Other | Not reported | * | ||||
| Mikami T | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 6493 | General population | White, African-American, Asian, Other | From medical records | * | *§ | |||
| Singer AJ | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 4404 | General population | White, Black, Asian, Other, Unknown, Hispanic | From medical records | * | * | |||
| McCullough SA | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 756 | Hospital | White, Black, Asian, Other, Not specified | From medical records | *† | ||||
| Price CC | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 239 | Hospital | African-American, Hispanic, White, Other | Determined by physician | * | ||||
| Golestaneh L | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 505 992 | Hospital | Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Other | Self-reported | * | † | * | *§ | |
| Palaiodimos L | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 200 | Hospital | African-American, Hispanic | From medical records | † | ||||
| Musoke N | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–May 2020 | 355 | Hospital | African-American, Caucasian, Hispanic, Other | From medical records | § | ||||
| Price-Haywood EG | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 3626 | Hospital | White Non-Hispanic, Black Non-Hispanic | Self-reported | *‡§ | * | *‡§ | ||
| Kim L | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–May 2020 | 2490 | Hospital | Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Other, Unknown | From medical records | *†§ | *†§ | |||
| Chamie G | USA (NA) | Cross-sectional | April 2020–April 2020 | 3871 | General population | White, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian/Pacific Islander, Other | Not reported | * | ||||
| McCarty TR | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 379 | Hospital | White, Black, Latinx | Self-reported | *§ | *§ | *§ | ||
| Bhargava A | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 197 | Hospital | White, Black | From medical records | * | ||||
| Peterson E | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 355 | Hospital | African-American, Caucasian, Others | Not reported | § | ||||
| Shah SJ | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–March 2020 | 316 | Hospital | White, Black or African-American, Asian, Hispanic or Latino | From medical records | * | ||||
| Kalyanaraman MR | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 22 176 | General population | Black, Hispanic, White, Asian or Pacific Islander, Other | Not reported | * | * | * | ||
| Gu T | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 5698 | General population | White, Black, Other, Unknown | Self-reported | *§ | *§ | *§ | * | |
| Mendy A | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–May 2020 | 689 | Hospital | Non-Hispanic Whites, Non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, Other | Self-reported | *§ | *§ | |||
| Chang TS | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–June 2020 | 26 602 | Hospital | White or Caucasian, Black or African-American, Asian, American-Indian or Alaska-Native, Native-Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Other, Unknown | Self-reported | * | * | * | ||
| Dublin S | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–June 2020 | 322 044 | Hospital | Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic Asian, Non-Hispanic Mixed/Other, Hispanic | Not reported | § | § | |||
| McPadden J | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 7995 | Hospital | American Indian, Asian, Black/African-American, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, White | From medical records | *§ | *§ | *§ | ||
| Crouse A | USA (NA) | Cross-sectional | February 2020–June 2020 | 25 326 | General population | African-American, White, Other | Not reported | * | ||||
| Costa Monteiro AC | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 112 | Hospital | White, Latinx, Asian, Black, Other | Not reported | *§ | ||||
| Ingraham NE | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–August 2020 | 5577 | Hospital | White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, Declined to report, Other | From medical records | *§ | ||||
| Gottlieb M | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | January 2020–June 2020 | 8673 | General population | White, African American, Asian, Other, Unknown | From medical records | * | ||||
| Petrilli CM et al25 | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 5279 | Hospital | Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic African-American, Asian, Hispanic, Other/multiracial, Unknown | From medical records | *†§ | ||||
| Argenziano MG | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 1000 | Hospital | Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, Other, White | From medical records | * | ||||
| McGuinness G | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | January 2020–June 2020 | 601 | General population | Non–Hispanic, Hispanic, Unknown | Not reported | * | ||||
| Rozenfeld Y | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–April 2020 | 34 503 | General population | White, American Indian/Alaska native, Asian, Black/African-American, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Unknown, Other, Hispanic | From medical records | *§ | ||||
| Harrison SL | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | January 2020–May 2020 | 31 461 | General population | White, Black/African American, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, Unknown | Not reported | † | ||||
| Adegunsoye A | USA (NA) | Cross-sectional | January 2020–April 2020 | 4413 | General population | Black, White, Asian/Mideast Indian, American Indian/Alaska native, Multiracial, Native Hawaiian, Other, Hispanic or Latino, Not Hispanic or Latino | Self-reported | * | †§ | |||
| Gold JAW | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 305 | Hospital | Black, Other | Determined by physician | * | * | |||
| Killerby ME | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 531 | Hospital | White, Black, Other, Missing | Not reported | *§ | ||||
| Tenforde MW | USA (NA) | Cross-sectional | March 2020–May 2020 | 350 | General population | White Non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Other Non-Hispanic, Unknown | Self-reported | * | ||||
| Mani VR | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 184 | Hospital | African-American, Hispanic, Asian | From medical records | * | ||||
| Chilimuri S | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 375 | Hospital | Black, Hispanic, Other | From medical records | * | ||||
| Gavin W | USA (NA) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 140 | Hospital | African-American, White, Asian, Hispanic, Not recorded | Not reported | * | * | |||
| Baqui P | Brazil (SA) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–May 2020 | 7371 | Hospital | White, Pardo, Black, East-Asian, Indigenous | Self-reported | * | * | |||
| Soares RCM | Brazil (SA) | Cross-sectional | February 2020–June 2020 | 10 713 | General population | White, Black/multiracial, Asian/Indigenous/unknown | From medical records | * | * | |||
| Ciceri F | Italy (EU)) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–March 2020 | 410 | Hospital | European, Asian, Hispanic | Not reported | * | ||||
| Berenguer J | Spain (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 3987 | Hospital | Arab, Asian, Black, Latin American, White, Other | From medical records | * | ||||
| Martos Pérez F | Spain (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–April 2020 | 96 | Hospital | Spain (Malaga), Spain (other province), Abroad (EC), Abroad (non-EC) | Not reported | * | ||||
| Lassale C | UK (EU) | Prospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 528 494 | Hospital | Black, Asian, Other, White | Self-reported | * | ||||
| Martin CA | UK (EU) | Cross-sectional | March 2020–April 2020 | 4051 | General population | White Caucasian, South Asian, Black | Self-reported | *§ | ||||
| de Lusignan S | UK (EU) | Cross-sectional | January 2020–April 2020 | 3802 | General population | White, Asian, Black, Mixed, Other | Not reported | †§ | ||||
| Perez-Guzman PN | UK (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | February 2020–April 2020 | 614 | Hospital | White, Black, Asian, Other, Missing | From medical records | *† | ||||
| Sapey E | UK (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 2217 | Hospital | White, Mixed/Multiracial, South-Asian/South-Asian British, Black/African-Caribbean/Black-British, Other, Unknown | Self-reported | * | ||||
| Hippisley-Cox J | UK (EU) | Prospective cohort study | January 2020–April 2020 | 8 275 949 | GP cohort | White/not recorded, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Other Asian, Caribbean, Black-African, Chinese, Other | Not reported | * | * | |||
| Niedzwiedz C L | UK (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–May 2020 | 2658 | General population | White British, White Irish, White Other, Mixed, South Asian, Black, Chinese, Other | Self-reported | *‡§ | ||||
| Brill SE | UK (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–April 2020 | 410 | Hospital | Asian, Black, White, Other, Unknown | From medical records | * | ||||
| Aldridge RW | UK (EU) | Case–control study | March 2020–April 2020 | 16 272 | Hospital | Asian, Black, Mixed, Other, White | From medical records | † | ||||
| Corbett RW | UK (EU) | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–March 2020 | 1530 | General population | Asian, White, Black, Unknown | Not reported | *§ | ||||
| Sun Y | Singapore (AS) | Case–control study | January 2020–February 2020 | 788 | Hospital | Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others | Not reported | * | ||||
| Bruminhent J | Thailand (AS) | Cross-sectional | March 2020–April 2020 | 403 | General population | Thai ethnicity, Non-Thai ethnicity | From medical records | * | ||||
Reported outcomes
List of references for included studies is available in online supplementary appendix table 1.
*unadjusted numbers or ORs
†age-adjusted ORs
‡age and sex-adjusted ORs
§ORs adjusted for multiple factors (all multivariably adjusted odds ratios and adjustment factors are summarised in online supplemental appendix table 2).
AS, Asia; EU, Europe; ICU, intensive care unit; NA, North America; SA, South America.