Table 16.

Outcome table on ‘Lairage’

Hazard	Welfare consequence/s occurring to the animals due to the hazard	Hazard origin/s	Hazard origin specification	Preventive measures	Corrective measures
Too high effective temperature (See Section 3.1.2.1)	Heat stress, fatigue	Equipment, facilities, staff	Environmental conditions Not enough ventilation in lairage	Training of staff Increase space allowance; Scheduling to avoid hottest hours of the day for transport; Provide adequate ventilation and cooling system (showering, nebulisation, etc.) in lairage	Prioritise slaughter of animals Provide cooling system (shower) to bring the animal to the thermoneutral zone
Too low effective temperature (See Section 3.1.2.1)	Cold stress	Equipment, facilities, staff	No protection of the lairage area against wind and rain Direct exposure to low temperatures	Training of staff Before departure provide curtains and other protection and close the ventilation. Avoid coldest hours of the day for transport; Protect lairage area from adverse climatic conditions Provide adequate bedding	Slaughter the animals without delay Move the animals to a warmer area
Too long food deprivation (See Section 3.1.2.2)	Prolonged hunger, fatigue	Staff	Prolonged food deprivation prior to transport Prolonged transport and/or prolonged waiting time at slaughterhouse Prolonged lairage time	Training of staff Avoid feed withdrawal before and during transport and waiting time prior to slaughter. Scheduling slaughter of animals; Prioritising slaughter. Providing food when a delay is expected in the slaughter process	Slaughter without delay Provide food
Too long water deprivation (See Section 3.1.2.1)	Prolonged thirst, fatigue	Staff, facilities	Water not accessible prior to transport Prolonged transport Absence of effective watering in lairage	Training of staff Water availability until loading of farm Water availability during transport Provide access to water in the lairage and check the functioning of the watering system.	Slaughter without delay Provide water
Unexpected loud noise (See Section 3.1.3.1)	Fear	Equipment, facilities, staff	Staff shouting Machine noise Poor design and layout of the premises	Identify and eliminate the source of noise Training of staff Avoid personnel shouting Proper machine construction Avoid noisy equipment close to the animals	Warn the staff
Insufficient space allowance (See Section 3.1.4.6)	heat stress, fatigue, restriction of movements, resting problem	Staff	Too many animals are put in the pen	Training of staff Display notice regarding number of maximum animals in each pen regarding the category	Adjust the number of animals to the size of the pen
Mixing unfamiliar animals (See Section 3.1.4.1)	Fatigue, fear, pain, social stress,	Staff and facilities	Mixing animals from different origins	Keep familiar animals together from farm to slaughter Do not mix horned animals	Remove aggressive animals, Slaughter mixed groups without delay
Improper design, construction and maintenance of premises (See Section 3.1.4.2)	Fear, pain, restriction of movement, resting problem	Staff, facilities	Inappropriate conception at the building of the premises No or insufficient cleaning of the area/lack of appropriate drainage	Design the facilities regarding species specific behavioural requirements	Clean and dry the lairage area Provide bedding
ABMs: panting (heat stress), shivering (cold stress), aggression at water trough, increased water intake (prolonged thirst), exhaustion, tachypnoea, (fatigue), grinding of teeth, curling of lips (pain), injuries (pain), vocalisations (pain, fear), aggressive behaviour (social stress)