Table 1.

ACE types measured by included studies

	Studies, n
Household substance abuse	30
Household mental illness	29
Parental separation or divorce	25
Physical abuse	24
Sexual abuse	21
Household member incarcerated or criminality	20
Exposure to domestic violence	17
Emotional, psychological, or verbal abuse	17
Parental death	15
Child welfare intervention (eg, out-of-home care)	14
Neglect	12
Family welfare or financial difficulties	10
Serious childhood illness or injury	5

Questions used to determine ACEs varied between studies. Other ACE types (measured in <3 studies) included childhood maltreatment, frequent fear of a family member, bullying, peer violence, victim of serious physical attack, frightening experience, family conflict or discord, parental affectionless control, parental dissatisfaction, parental illness or disability, separation from mother, other parental loss, sent away from home, death of a sibling, low parental concern for child's education, child labour, hunger, or residential instability. ACE=adverse childhood experience.