Table 2.
Pooled relative risks for risk factors and causes of ill health
| Samples, n* | Individuals, n |
1 ACE |
≥2 ACEs |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled relative risk (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I2 (95% CI) | Pooled relative risk (95% CI) | Heterogeneity, I2 (95% CI) | |||
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Harmful alcohol use | 15 | 29 013 | 1·64 (1·43–1·88) | 51·6% (0–71·8) | 2·60 (2·07–3·27) | 87·8% (81·8–91·1) |
| Smoking | 17 | 32 173 | 1·27 (1·18–1·35) | 31·7% (0–61·0) | 1·74 (1·55–1·95) | 83·1% (73·9–88·1) |
| Illicit drug use | 17 | 32 513 | 1·59 (1·44–1·76) | 48·6% (0–69·4) | 2·63 (2·27–3·05) | 84·0% (75·4–88·6) |
| High BMI† | 5 | 12 586 | 1·02 (0·97–1·06) | 0% (0–64·1) | 1·07 (1·02–1·12) | 36·2% (0–75·7) |
| Causes of ill health | ||||||
| Depression | 6 | 1 473 863 | 1·44 (1·34–1·56) | 86·1% (69·2–91·8) | 2·19 (1·92–2·51) | 95·3% (92·7–96·6) |
| Anxiety | 3 | 6744 | 1·49 (1·27–1·74) | 0% (0–72·9) | 2·71 (1·89–3·89) | 85·1% (24·9–93·3) |
| Interpersonal violence | 5 | 15 267 | 1·31 (0·93–1·86) | 50·3% (0–79·9) | 3·72 (2·79–4·97) | 65·6% (0–84·7) |
| Cancer | 6 | 25 035 | 1·13 (0·95–1·33) | 30% (0–71·7) | 1·51 (1·28–1·78) | 18% (0–67·6) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 5 | 19 178 | 1·15 (0·89–1·48) | 65·5% (0–84·7) | 1·45 (1·08–1·94) | 75·7% (11·6–88·2) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 | 20 909 | 1·08 (0·99–1·19) | 0% (0–61) | 1·46 (1·25–1·69) | 36·9% (0–73·9) |
| Stroke | 4 | 12 769 | 1·28 (0·84–1·96) | 0% (0–67·9) | 1·76 (1·22–2·52) | 0% (0–67·9) |
| Respiratory disease | 5 | 19 215 | 1·32 (1·09–1·59) | 0% (0–64·1) | 2·26 (1·88–2·72) | 0% (0–64·1) |
ACE=adverse childhood experience. BMI=body-mass index.
*
See appendix (p 2) for included studies.
†
Defined in included studies as BMI ≥25 kg/m2.