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The treatment effect of different pharmacologic strategies based on a review of the literature. Treatment effect was categorised into four grades: (-) no effect; (+) partial, incomplete, moderate, modest or mild effect; (++) beneficial, positive or clear effect; (+++) remarkable, dramatical or satisfying effect. The mean and SEM in each group are indicated. The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
