Table 3. Recent studies using behavioral paradigms that measure cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia in rodent models.

Paradigm	Animal Model	Experimental Manipulation	Results	References
RAM	Genetic	Alpha-CaMKII+/- mice	↓ decreased working memory	[181]
		Grin1(Rgsc174)/Grin1+ mice	↓ decreased working memory	[108]
		HRM + dizocilpine	↓ decreased working memory	[182]
		Homer1 KO mice	↓ decreased working memory	[183]
		Ywhae (+/-) mice	↓ decreased working memory	[184]
		NRG1 TM HET mice	NE	[185]
		α7-nAChR KO mice	NE	[186]
	Pharmacological	Chronic PCP administration in mice	NE	[187]
Y-maze/ T-maze	Genetic	mGlu5 KO mice	↓ decreased spontaneous alternation	[50]
		Inhibition of GAD65 neurons in mice	↓ decreased spontaneous alternation	[61]
		Corticosterone-treated HRM	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[71]
	Pharmacological	Subchronic PCP administration in mice	↓ decreased spontaneous alternation	[125]
MWM	Developmental	Neonatal lesioning of the vHPC in mice	NE	[201]
	Genetic	Dys1B (+/+) mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[197]
		mGlu5 KO mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[50]
		Nlgn2 R215H knock-in homozygous mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[73]
		NRG1 HET mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[198]
		Intraflagellar Transport 88 (Ift88) gene KO mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[199]
		ZnT3 KO mice	NE	[202]
	Pharmacological	Administration of Catha edulis forsk extract in mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[60]
		MK-801 treatment in mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[200]
		PCP + Δ9-THC treatment in mice	↓ decreased spatial learning and memory	[62]
Novel object recognition	Developmental	MIA in mice	↓ decreased performance	[208]
	Genetic	Ift88 gene KO mice	↓ decreased performance	[199]
		Null mutation in pallid and dysbindin in mice	↓ decreased performance	[209]
		Spp homozygous mutant mice	↓ decreased performance	[210]
		Alpha7-nAChR KO mice	↓ decreased performance	[186]
	Pharmacological	Antagonism of the muscarinic acetylcholine system in mice	↓ decreased performance	[212]
		L-Methionine in mice	↓ decreased performance	[211]
		PCP + Δ9-THC in mice	↓ decreased performance	[62]
		Subchronic PCP administration in mice	↓ decreased performance	[113, 125]
Odor span task	Genetic	α7-nAChR KO mice	↓ decreased working memory	[213]
	Pharmacological	Subchronic treatment with ketamine (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) rats	↓ decreased performance	[216]
Attentional set-shifting task	Developmental	Neonatal treatment with nuclear progesterone receptor antagonist in rats	↓ decreased adult performance	[228]
		Postnatal administration (PND, 7, 9, & 11) of ketamine 30 mg/kg in mice	↓ decreased performance	[230]
	Pharmacological	Cuprizone administration in rats	↓ the specific decrease in the ability to shift between perceptual dimensions	[229]
		Sertindole (2.5 mg/kg) administration in mice	prevented ketamine-induced cognitive inflexibility	[231]
		Neurotoxic damage to orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortical areas in mice	↓ decreased affective and attentional sets	[232]
5-choice serial reaction task	Developmental	Gestational exposure to high-fat diet in mice	↑ increased impulsivity	[238]
		Gestational exposure to a low-protein diet in mice	↑ marked inattention	[238]
	Genetic	Alpha7-nAChR KO mice	↑ increased omission levels	[213]
		Increased NRG3 gene expression in mice mPFC	↑ increased impulsivity	[239]
		Map2k7 +/- mice	↑ increased attentional deficit	[240]
		Df(h15q13)/+ mice	↓ decreased accuracy	[241]
	Pharmacological	Chronic oral, but not acute injections of nicotine in mice	↓ decrease phencyclidine-induced impulsivity	[242]

Abbreviations: 5-HT7 = 5-hydroxytryptamine 7, serotonin 7; CaMKII = calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; Dys1B = dysbindin-1B; GAD65 = glutamic acid decarboxylase 65; Grin1 = glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1; HRM = heterozygous reeler mice; Ift88 = intraflagellar transport 88; KO = knockout; Map2k7 = mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7; mGluR = metabotropic glutamate receptor 5; MIA = maternal immune activation; mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex; Nlgn2 R215H = missense mutation R215H of neuroligin 2; NRG1 = neuregulin-1; NRG3 = neuregulin-3; PCP = phencyclidine; vHPC = ventral hippocampus; ZnT3 = zinc transporter 3; α7-nAChR = alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; Δ9-THC = Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; NE = no effect.