Table 1. In vivo and In vitro Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke.
| Animals | Model | Phenotypes | Role of Autophagy in Ischemic Stroke | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult male Wistar rats | 4VO | Hamartin induced autophagy | Protective | [24] |
| Adult male SD rats | tMCAO | Melatonin inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [25] |
| - | pMCAO | Metformin induced autophagy | Protective | [52] |
| - | 4VO | Rapamycin induced autophagy | Protective | [58] |
| - | pMCAOand OGD/R* | 3-MA or Wort inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [59] |
| - | pMCAO and tMCAO | Carnosine inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [60] |
| - | pMCAO | Compound C inhibited autophagy | Protective | [61] |
| - | pMCAO | 3-MA inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [62] |
| - | dMCAO | 3-MA or Becn1-shRNA inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [63] |
| - | pMCAO | 3-MA or bafliomycin A1 inhibitedautophagy | Harmful | [64] |
| - | tMCAO and OGD/R* | Eugenol induced autophagy | Protective | [65] |
| Adult SD rats | tMCAO | Homocysteine induced autophagy | Harmful | [66] |
| Adult male C57BL/6 J mice | tMCAO and OGD/R* | IL-17A induced autophagy | Harmful | [67] |
| - | pMCAO | Silibinin inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [68] |
| - | pMCAO | N-acetylserotonin inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [69] |
| - | tMCAO and OGD/R* | Schizandrin inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [70] |
| Adult male C57BL/6 mice | tMCAO | circHECTD1 knockdown inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [71] |
| - | tMCAO | 3-MA inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [72] |
| - | OGD/R* | Rapamycin induced autophagy | Protective | [73] |
| GPR30-/- mice | tMCAO | GPR30 knockout inhibited autophagy | Protective | [74] |
| IL-21-/- mice | tMCAO | IL-21 knockout inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [75] |
| GPR37-/- mice | tMCAO | GPR37 knockout induced autophagy | Harmful | [76] |
| TIGAR-/- mice and TIGAR-transgenic mice | tMCAO and OGD/R* | TIGAR knockout induced autophagy and TIGAR transgene inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [77] |
| Male arrb1−/− and arrb2−/− mice | tMCAO | ARRB1 knockout inhibited autophagy | Protective | [78] |
| ATF6 knock-in mice | tMCAO | ATF6 knock-in induced autophagy | Protective | [79] |
| Irgm1-/- mice | pMCAO | IRGM1 knockout inhibited autophagy | Protective | [80] |
| Neonatal Wistar rats | ischemia-hypoxia | Lithium inhibited autophagy | Harmful | [81] |
Abbreviations: SD, Sprague Dawley; 4VOs, 4 vessels occlusion; tMCAO/pMCAO/dMCAO, transient/permanent/distal middle cerebral artery occlusion;OGD/R, oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion; * means in vitro.