Figure-1:

Recent advances in Anti-angiogenic VEGF₁₆₅b isoform signaling in PAD. Schematic of our recent findings in VEGF₁₆₅b signaling. In ischemic ECs, VEGF₁₆₅b (V₁₆₅b) blocks VEGFR1 (R1) activation to inhibit angiogenesis (left). In ischemic macrophages, VEGF₁₆₅b blocks R1 activation to induced M1-like polarization (right). Distinct signaling regulates ischemic angiogenesis and macrophage polarization downstream of R1 activation post VEGF₁₆₅b inhibition. Limited information on the levels and function of Soluble R1 (sR1), sR2, sNRP1 and sNRP1 significantly increases the complexity of VEGF-VEGFR system in regulating the pathology of PAD.