Table 10. Promoted Ni–Al₂O₃ Catalysts Reported in the Literature for the Pyrolysis and In-line Steam Reforming of Biomass.

Catalyst	Feed	Preparation methoda	Reactor configuration	Operating conditionsc	H2 conc. (vol %)	H2 prod. (wt %)	Ref.
20Ni/CeO2-Al2O3	wood pellets	iwi	screw-kiln/fixed (4 g min–1)	TP = 500 °C	43.1	2.2	Efika et al.102
				TR = 760 °C
12Ni/CeO2-Al2O3	cedar wood	swi cwi	dual fixed (0.06 g min–1)	T = 550 °C	57.5	6.9	Kimura et al.124
10Ni/CeO2-Al2O3	pine wood sawdust	wi	spouted/fluidized (0.75 g min–1)	TP = 500 °C	64.7	10.5	Santamaria et al.192
				TR = 600 °C
				S/C = 7.7
10Ni/La2O3-Al2O3	pine wood sawdust	wi	spouted/fluidized (0.75 g min–1)	TP = 500 °C	63.6	10.0	Santamaria et al.191
				TR = 600 °C
				S/C = 7.7
12Ni/MnOx-Al2O3	cedar wood	cp	dual fixed (0.06 g min–1)	T = 550–650 °C	46.5	5.0b	Koike et al.88
				S/C = 0.57
10Ni/MgO-Al2O3	pine wood sawdust	wi	spouted/fluidized (0.75 g min–1)	TP = 500 °C	63.0	9.7	Santamaria et al.192
				TR = 600 °C
				S/C = 7.7
10Ni/MgO-Al2O3 (Tcalc = 700/700)	pine wood sawdust	wi	spouted/fluidized (0.75 g min–1)	TP = 500 °C	64.4	10.3	Santamaria et al.193
				TR = 600 °C
				S/C = 7.7
12Ni-Mg-Al	cedar wood	cp	dual fixed (0.06 g min–1)	T = 550–650 °C	54.9	7.9	Li et al.87
				S/C = 0.38
Ni-Mg-Al	cellulose	cp	fixed/fixed (0.5 g)	TP = 500 °C	54.7	4.5	Wu et al.195
				TR = 800 °C
Ni-Mg-Al	lignin	cp	fixed/fixed (0.5 g)	TP = 500 °C	55.1	2.8	Wu et al.195
				TR = 800 °C
Ni-Ca-Al	lignin	cp	fixed/fixed (0.5 g)	TP = 500 °C	54.6	3.6	Wu et al.195
				TR = 700–900 °C
Ni/CaAlOx	wood sawdust	cp	fixed/fixed (0.5 g)	TP = 500 °C	46.0	3.1	Chen et al.82
				TR = 800 °C
				steam = 0.05 g min–1
9Ni/K2CO3–Al2O3	rice husk	wi	drop-tube fixed (120 mg)	T = 800 °C	33.3	1.3	Kuchonthara et al.103
5-35 NiZnAlOx	wood sawdust	cp	fixed/fixed (0.8 g)	TP = 535 °C	48.1	4.0	Dong et al.196
				TR = 800 °C

^aiwi, Incipient wetness impregnation; swi, sequential wetness impregnation; cwi, co-impregnation; wi, wet impregnation; cp, co-precipitation.

^bH₂ production defined as g_H2/100 g_{biomass, daf} (dry and ash free).

^cT_P = Pyrolysis temperature; T_R = reforming temperature.