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. 2021 Aug 4;35(21):17051–17084. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01666

Table 3. Carbon Species Formed According to the Aforementioned Mechanisms123.

Structural type Designation Temp formed (°C)
Adsorbed, atomic (surface carbide) Cα 200–400
Polymeric, amorphous films or filaments Cβ 250–500
Vermicular filaments, fibers, and/or whiskers Cv 300–1000
Nickel carbide (bulk) Cγ 150–250
Graphitic (crystalline) platelets or films Cc 500–550