Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and children in the intervention and the control group
| Intervention (n = 164) | Control (n = 117) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | p value | |
| Maternal characteristics at baseline | |||||
| Age, years | 30.5 | (3.9) | 30.7 | (4.2) | 0.755 |
| Age > 40 years, n (%) | 3 | (1.8) | 2 | (1.7) | 1.000 |
| Height, cm | 168.8 | (5.5) | 168.3 | (6.1) | 0.447 |
| Weight, kg | 69.4 | (9.3) | 69.6 | (10.0) | 0.863 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.3 | (2.8) | 24.6 | (3.2) | 0.522 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2, n (%) | 29 | (17.7) | 20 | (17.1) | 0.898 |
| SES | 4.0 | (0.8) | 4.1 | (0.8) | 0.502 |
| Exercise sessions per week | 1.9 | (1.4) | 1.7 | (1.4) | 0.160 |
| Diabetes in near familya, n (%) | 13 | (8.3) | 13 | (12.4) | 0.277 |
| Parity, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 96 | (58.5) | 63 | (53.8) | |
| 1 | 51 | (31.1) | 38 | (32.5) | 0.369 |
| 2 or more | 17 | (10.4) | 16 | (13.7) | |
| Birth weight of previous child ≥4500 g, n (%) | 3 | (1.8) | 1 | (0.9) | 0.643 |
| Child characteristics at birth | |||||
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.9 | (1.7) | 40.1 | (1.3) | 0.292 |
| Birth weight, g | 3477 | (608) | 3580 | (440) | 0.102 |
| Lengthb, cm | 49.7 | (2.8) | 50.2 | (1.8) | 0.154 |
| Head circumferencec, cm | 34.9 | (1.8) | 35.3 | (1.4) | 0.047 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 96 | (58.5) | 52 | (44.4) | 0.020 |
| Older siblings, n (%) | 68 | (41.5) | 54 | (46.2) | 0.434 |
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 143 | (87.2) | 104 | (88.9) | 0.668 |
| Prematurity, n (%) | 7 | (4.3) | 3 | (2.6) | 0.530 |
| Admitted to NICUd, n (%) | 6 | (3.7) | 1 | (0.9) | 0.245 |
| Age at follow-up, years | 7.4 | (0.3) | 7.4 | (0.3) | 0.294 |
BMI body mass index, SES socioeconomic status (range 1–5, where 5 is highest), SD standard deviation, NICU neonatal intensive care unit
aMissing data for seven mothers in the intervention group and 12 mothers in the control group
bMissing data for five children in the intervention group and six children in the control group
cMissing data for one child in the intervention group
dMissing data for three children in the intervention group and two children in the control group