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. 2021 Oct 25;301(2):250–262. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021204288

Figure 6:

Motion-related ghosting from adipose tissue into the liver can lead to substantial bias and variability of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measurements. Although three-dimensional chemical shift–encoded (CSE) MRI acquisitions are relatively short (approximately 15–20 seconds), many patients are unable to hold their breath even for this modest acquisition time. PDFF maps acquired using three-dimensional CSE MRI in the same patient during (A) free-breathing and (B) breath-hold. Scan obtained during free breathing shows artifactually increased PDFF value due to ghosting artifact from adipose tissue (arrow in A)..

Motion-related ghosting from adipose tissue into the liver can lead to substantial bias and variability of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measurements. Although three-dimensional chemical shift–encoded (CSE) MRI acquisitions are relatively short (approximately 15–20 seconds), many patients are unable to hold their breath even for this modest acquisition time. PDFF maps acquired using three-dimensional CSE MRI in the same patient during (A) free-breathing and (B) breath-hold. Scan obtained during free breathing shows artifactually increased PDFF value due to ghosting artifact from adipose tissue (arrow in A)..