Table 27.

Complications and clinical progress according to the  use of antibiotic therapy

	Total (n = 13,932)	No. (%)	With antibiotics n = 12,238 (%)	Without antibiotics n = 1498 (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p value
Bacterial pneumonia	13,673	1481 (10.8)	1441 (11.8)	40 (2.7)	4.85 (3.52–6.67)	< 0.001
ARDS
No	13,650	9190 (67.3)	7955 (65.4)	1235 (83.3)	1 (ref.)	–
Mild		1093 (8.0)	1033 (8.5)	60 (4.1)	2.67 (2.05–3.49)	< 0.001
Moderate		967 (7.1)	927 (7.6)	40 (2.7)	3.60 (2.61–4.97)	< 0.001
Severe		2400 (17.6)	2252 (18.5)	149 (10.0)	2.36 (1.98–2.82)	< 0.001
Acute heart failure	13,677	782 (5.7)	716 (5.9)	66 (4.4)	1.34 (1.04–1.74)	0.025
Arrhythmia	13,669	532 (3.9)	508 (4.2)	24 (1.6)	2.65 (1.75–4.01)	< 0.001
Epileptic seizures	13,680	81 (0.6)	74 (0.6)	7 (0.5)	1.29 (0.59–2.81)	0.52
Stroke	13,672	91 (0.7)	82 (0.7)	9 (0.6)	1.11 (0.56–2.22)	0.76
Acute kidney failure	13,673	1897 (13.9)	1757 (14.4)	140 (9.4)	1.62 (1.35–1.94)	< 0.001
Sepsis	13,667	822 (6.0)	780 (6.4)	42 (2.8)	2.35 (1.72–3.23)	< 0.001
Shock	13,656	605 (4.4)	582 (4.8)	23 (1.6)	3.19 (2.10–4.86)	< 0.001
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)	13,655	155 (1.1)	145 (1.2)	10 (0.7)	1.78 (0.94–3.39)	0.08
High-flow nasal cannula	13,635	1089 (8.0)	1027 (8.5)	62 (4.2)	2.11 (1.63–2.75)	< 0.001
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation	13,692	668 (4.9)	642 (5.3)	26 (1.7)	3.13 (2.11–4.66)	< 0.001
Invasive mechanical ventilation	13,696	874 (6.4)	848 (7.0)	26 (1.7)	4.21 (2.84–6.25)	< 0.001
Prone positioning	13,676	1361 (10.0)	1316 (10.8)	45 (3.0)	3.89 (2.87–5.26)	< 0.001
Intensive care unit admission	13,727	1095 (8.0)	1057 (8.6)	38 (2.5)	3.63 (2.62–5.04)	< 0.001
Death during hospitalization	13,736	2840 (20.7)	2597 (21.2)	243 (16.2)	1.39 (1.20–1.61)	< 0.001
Death during hospitalization and during readmission	13,549	2906 (21.5)	2653 (22.0)	253 (17.0)	1.37 (1.19–1.58)	< 0.001