Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of the included patients
| Hospital cohort (n = 212) | Follow-up cohorta (n = 160) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 (51–70) | 62 (55–71) |
| < 60 | 99 (46.7) | 69 (43.1) |
| 60–69 | 54 (25.5) | 43 (26.9) |
| 70–79 | 48 (22.6) | 39 (24.4) |
| > 80 | 11 (5.2) | 9 (5.6) |
| Male gender—no. (%) | 124 (58.5) | 97 (60.6) |
| APACHE II | 14 (10–19) | 15 (11–19) |
| Days between symptoms—hospital admission | 6.1 (3.6–9.2) | 6.4 (3.4–9.2) |
| Days between symptoms—ICU admission | 8.1 (5.3–11.0) | 8.1 (5.4–11.0) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 (25.0–35.7) | 30.0 (25.5–35.8) |
| Clinical frailty score | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) |
| Years of education | 14 (11–16) | 14 (11–16) |
| Healthcare worker—no. (%) | 24/205 (11.7) | 15/153 (9.8) |
| Coexisting disorders—no. (%) | ||
| Diabetes | 67/206 (32.5) | 56/154 (36.4) |
| Obesity | 60/200 (30.0) | 48/151 (31.8) |
| Use of ACEi or ARB | 38/198 (19.2) | 31/148 (20.9) |
| Chronic cardiac failure | 35/202 (17.3) | 29/152 (19.1) |
| Smoker | 25/197 (12.7) | 18/148 (12.2) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease** | 16/201 (8.0) | 14/153 (9.2) |
| Asthma | 28/202 (13.9) | 18/153 (11.8) |
| Immunosuppression | 24/202 (11.9) | 20/152 (13.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 14/203 (6.9) | 12/153 (7.8) |
| Chronic hematological disease | 9/202 (4.5) | 8/152 (5.3) |
| Cancer | 12/203 (5.9) | 11/153 (7.2) |
| Symptoms—no. (%) | ||
| Fever | 159/204 (77.9) | 119/152 (78.3) |
| Cough | 143/204 (70.1) | 108/152 (71.1) |
| Shortness of breath | 135/204 (66.2) | 101/152 (66.4) |
| Fatigue | 106/204 (52.0) | 81/152 (53.3) |
| Myalgia | 73/204 (35.8) | 63/152 (41.4) |
| Diarrhea | 59/204 (28.9) | 42/152 (27.6) |
| Sore throat | 46/204 (22.5) | 35/152 (23.0) |
| Anosmia | 22/204 (10.8) | 16/152 (10.5) |
| Runny nose | 22/204 (10.8) | 17/152 (11.2) |
| Signs at baseline | ||
| Heart rate, bpm | 100 (85–110) | 99 (85–110) |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 30 (24–38) | 30 (24–38) |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 81 (70–96) | 81 (70–97) |
| Temperature, °C | 38.3 (37.4–38.9) | 38.2 (37.4–38.8) |
| SpO2, % | 92 (88–95) | 92 (88–95) |
| Clinical outcomes | ||
| Hospital readmission—no. (%) | – | 18/108 (16.7) |
| Duration of ventilation, days | 12 (5–19) | 13 (5–19) |
| ICU length of stay, days | 6.9 (3.2–17.1) | 8.3 (3.6–19.0) |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 16.1 (9.6–26.7) | 16.9 (10.1–30.4) |
| ICU mortality—no. (%) | 39 (18.4) | 39 (24.4) |
| Hospital mortality—no. (%) | 42/211 (19.9) | 42 (26.2) |
| Death or new disability at 6 months—no. (%) | – | 85/151 (56.3) |
Data are median (quartile 25%–quartile 75%) or no (%). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding
APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, ICU intensive care unit
aThe follow-up cohort comprises patients who died within 6 months or who were contacted successfully at 6 months. However, data may be missing for some outcomes depending on the willingness of the patient to answer all questions
*On a scale from 1 to 10 (1 would be the lowest level of financial distress)
**Not considering asthma