Table 2.
Cox regression analysis for neonatal mortality by mother, child, and household factors in southern and northern regions of India (2015-2016)
| Background characteristics | Southern regions | Northern regions | ||||||||||||||
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| Mother factors | Child factors | Household factors | All factors | Mother factors | Child factors | Household factors | All factors | |||||||||
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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
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| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Mother factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||
| Not educated® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Educated | 0.57*** | 0.44-0.71 | 0.92 | 0.63-1.33 | 0.81*** | 0.74-0.87 | 0.85*** | 0.76-0.95 | ||||||||
| Occupation | ||||||||||||||||
| Not working® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Working | 1.18 | 0.80-1.74 | 1.27 | 0.76-2.13 | 0.85 | 0.67-1.06 | 0.85 | 0.65-1.12 | ||||||||
| Institutional delivery | ||||||||||||||||
| Not institutional® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Institutional | 1.01 | 0.67-1.48 | 1.17 | 0.68-2.01 | 1.03 | 0.94-1.11 | 1.18*** | 1.05-1.31 | ||||||||
| Age at first birth (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| <20® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| >20 | 1.13 | 0.92-1.37 | 1.21 | 0.90-1.61 | 0.89*** | 0.82-0.96 | 0.92*** | 0.82-0.94 | ||||||||
| Child factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Birth interval (years) | ||||||||||||||||
| <2® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| >2 | 0.69*** | 0.51-0.91 | 0.76** | 0.56-1.02 | 0.60*** | 0.54-0.66 | 0.61*** | 0.54-0.67 | ||||||||
| Birth size | ||||||||||||||||
| Average and larger® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Small and very small | 4.57*** | 3.38-6.16 | 4.38*** | 3.20-5.98 | 2.30*** | 2.06-2.56 | 2.25*** | 2.01-2.51 | ||||||||
| Child sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Male® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.93 | 0.69-1.22 | 0.97 | 0.72-1.29 | 0.91** | 0.82-1.00 | 0.91** | 0.82-1.01 | ||||||||
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||||||||||||||
| No® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.63*** | 0.44-0.89 | 0.60*** | 0.41-0.85 | 0.50*** | 0.44-0.55 | 0.46*** | 0.41-0.51 | ||||||||
| Household factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||||||||||||
| Poor® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Middle | 0.85 | 0.66-1.07 | 0.94 | 0.64-1.36 | 0.90** | 0.80-0.99 | 0.91*** | 0.78-0.95 | ||||||||
| Rich | 0.48*** | 0.35-0.66 | 0.61** | 0.37-0.98 | 0.59*** | 0.52-0.66 | 0.62*** | 0.52-0.73 | ||||||||
| Type of residence | ||||||||||||||||
| Urban® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 1.09 | 0.85-1.38 | 0.99 | 0.70-1.40 | 1.04 | 0.93-1.16 | 1.01 | 0.87-1.15 | ||||||||
| Toilet facility | ||||||||||||||||
| No facility® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Facility | 0.94 | 0.73-1.19 | 1.01 | 0.69-1.47 | 0.98 | 0.88-1.08 | 0.96 | 0.84-1.09 | ||||||||
| Caste | ||||||||||||||||
| SC/ST® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| OBC | 0.80** | 0.64-0.98 | 0.93 | 0.67-1.27 | 1.09** | 0.99-1.19 | 1.09 | 0.97-1.22 | ||||||||
| General | 0.94 | 0.65-1.35 | 1.07 | 0.62-1.83 | 0.91 | 0.81-1.02 | 0.78*** | 0.70-0.87 | ||||||||
| Religion | ||||||||||||||||
| Hindu® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
| Muslim and others | 0.88 | 0.65-1.19 | 0.88 | 0.57-1.36 | 1.01 | 0.92-1.10 | 0.96 | 0.85-1.08 | ||||||||
P<0.10; **P<0.05; ***P<0.01; ®Reference category. HR: Hazard ratio, CI: Confidence interval