Table 1. Model inputs.

Parameter	Parameter Description	Population (patients)
Pop	Population	4391
Cost Parameter	Parameter Description	Mean ($) *	SD ($)	95% CI	Distribution (α, β) +	Source
cTEST	Cost of the POCCRP test kit	1.00	0.20	0.61–1.39	Gamma (25, 0.04)	[27]
cTRAIN	Training to administer and interpret test	0.03	0.01	0.02–0.04	Gamma (25, 0.001)	[41]
cOPD	Outpatient services delivery cost	0.28	0.06	0.25–0.31	Gamma (376.83, 0.001)	[41]
cDISP	Dispensary cost at healthcare facility	1.33	0.10	1.29–1.38	Gamma (2.31, 0.58)	[41]
cOPEapp	Patient out of pocket expenditure—appropriate treatment	3.82	12.32	2.95–4.65	Gamma (51.64, 33.61)	[41]
cPLTapp	Opportunity cost of patient’s time—appropriate treatment	3.20	4.47	2.89–4.74	Gamma (0.51, 0.07)	[41]
cCLTapp	Opportunity cost of carer’s time—appropriate treatment	1.44	2.71	1.24–1.65	Gamma (151.73, 0.009)	[41]
cOPEnot	Patient out of pocket expenditure—inappropriate treatment	5.61	17.16	4.32–6.91	Gamma (14.77, 0.38)	[41]
cPLTnot	Opportunity cost of patient’s time—inappropriate treatment	4.15	4.90	3.78–4.52	Gamma (99.01, 0.04)	[41]
cCLTnot	Opportunity cost of carer’s—inappropriate treatment	1.85	2.42	1.67–2.03	Gamma (80.67, 0.02)	[41]
cANTI	Cost per full course of antibiotics	0.12	0.02	0.11–0.12	Gamma (25, 0.005)	[41]
cAMR	Cost of AMR to society per full course of antibiotics	4.39	0.88	2.67–6.11	Gamma (25, 0.18)	[42]
Probability Parameter	Parameter Description	Probability *	95% CI		Distribution (α, β) +	Source
pBac	Prevalence of bacterial infection among malaria-negative patients	0.10	0.09–0.10		Beta (15, 142)	[14]
pDIAGanti	Probability of being prescribed antibiotic under current clinical practice	0.56	0.56–0. 56		Beta (2479, 1912)	[30]
pSENSpoccrp	Sensitivity of POCCRP test for detection of CRP concentration at 10 mg/L	0.95	0.87–0.97		Beta (86, 5)	[22]
pSPECpoccrp	Specificity of POCCRP test for non-detection of CRP concentration of less than 10 mg/L	0.98	0.92–1.00		Beta (75, 2)	[22]
pBACcrp>10	Probability of bacterial infection patient having CRP concentration of 10 mg/L	0.95	0.92–0.97		Beta (404, 21)	[21]
pOTHcrp<10	Probability of non-bacterial infection patient having CRP concentration of less than 10 mg/L	0.49	0.46–0.53		Beta (464, 483)	[21]

* Value used for the deterministic model.

⁺ Distribution for PSA.

Alpha (α) and Beta (β) values for Gamma distributions calculated as below (where $\overline{x}$ denotes mean and ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}$ denotes standard error of the data):

${\alpha =\left(\frac{\overline{x}}{{\sigma }_{\overline{x}}}\right)}^2$

$\beta =\frac{{{\sigma }_{\overline{x}}}^2}{\overline{x}}$

Alpha (α) and Beta (β) values for Beta distributions are assigned based on counts of events of interest as a proportion of total sample. Standard error (${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\overline{\mathrm{x}}}$) is calculated as below: ${\sigma }_{\overline{x}}=\sqrt{\frac{\alpha \beta }{({\alpha +\beta )}^2+(\alpha +\beta +1)}}$