Table 3.
Incidence Rates, Hazard Ratios and Confidence Intervals of Dementia for Those Depression Patients Who Received Acupuncture and Those Who Did Not, Stratified by Sex, Age, Comorbidities and Drug Use
| Variables | Accepted Acupuncture | Compared with Non-Acupuncture Users | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | Crude HR | Adjusted HR† | |||||
| (n=16,609) | (n=16,609) | |||||||
| Event | Person-Years | IR | Event | Person-Years | IR | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Total | 1436 | 72,967 | 19.68 | 1071 | 88,451 | 12.11 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.54(0.50–0.58)*** |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Women | 907 | 44,834 | 20.23 | 650 | 53,965 | 12.04 | 0.6(0.54–0.67)*** | 0.53(0.48–0.58)*** |
| Men | 529 | 28,133 | 18.80 | 421 | 34,485 | 12.21 | 0.67(0.59–0.76)*** | 0.56(0.49–0.63)*** |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–39 | 63 | 29,388 | 2.14 | 43 | 33,886 | 1.27 | 0.61(0.41–0.9)* | 0.6(0.41–0.88)** |
| 40–59 | 593 | 35,517 | 16.70 | 366 | 42,337 | 8.64 | 0.52(0.46–0.6)*** | 0.5(0.44–0.57)*** |
| ≥60 | 780 | 8062 | 96.76 | 662 | 12,228 | 54.14 | 0.58(0.52–0.65)*** | 0.56(0.51–0.63)*** |
| Baseline comorbidity | ||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
| No | 947 | 62,974 | 15.04 | 658 | 74,125 | 8.88 | 0.6(0.54–0.66)*** | 0.54(0.49–0.59)*** |
| Yes | 489 | 9992 | 48.94 | 413 | 14,326 | 28.83 | 0.61(0.53–0.69)*** | 0.54(0.48–0.62)*** |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 446 | 52,435 | 8.51 | 315 | 61,220 | 5.15 | 0.61(0.53–0.71)*** | 0.55(0.48–0.64)*** |
| Yes | 990 | 20,532 | 48.22 | 756 | 27,230 | 27.76 | 0.59(0.54–0.65)*** | 0.53(0.48–0.58)*** |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| No | 783 | 56,817 | 13.78 | 582 | 68,164 | 8.54 | 0.63(0.56–0.7)*** | 0.54(0.49–0.6)*** |
| Yes | 653 | 16,150 | 40.43 | 489 | 20,286 | 24.10 | 0.61(0.54–0.69)*** | 0.54(0.48–0.6)*** |
| Congestive heart failure | ||||||||
| No | 1336 | 71,659 | 18.64 | 981 | 86,606 | 11.33 | 0.62(0.57–0.67)*** | 0.54(0.49–0.58)*** |
| Yes | 100 | 1308 | 76.48 | 90 | 1845 | 48.78 | 0.65(0.49–0.86)** | 0.54(0.4–0.73)*** |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | 1406 | 72,367 | 19.43 | 1048 | 87,591 | 11.96 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.54(0.5–0.59)*** |
| Yes | 30 | 599 | 50.06 | 23 | 859 | 26.77 | 0.55(0.32–0.95)* | 0.46(0.26–0.81)** |
| Alcoholism | ||||||||
| No | 1419 | 71,892 | 19.74 | 1062 | 86,990 | 12.21 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.54(0.5–0.59)*** |
| Yes | 17 | 1075 | 15.82 | 9 | 1461 | 6.16 | 0.41(0.18–0.93)* | 0.36(0.15–0.86)* |
| Tobacco use | ||||||||
| No | 1430 | 72,565 | 19.71 | 1068 | 88,016 | 12.13 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.54(0.5–0.58)*** |
| Yes | 6 | 402 | 14.92 | 3 | 435 | 6.90 | 0.46(0.11–1.84) | 0.65(0.12–3.43) |
| Obesity | ||||||||
| No | 1427 | 72,446 | 19.70 | 1068 | 87,761 | 12.17 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.54(0.5–0.59)*** |
| Yes | 9 | 520 | 17.30 | 3 | 690 | 4.35 | 0.25(0.07–0.93)* | 0.16(0.03–0.8)* |
| Drugs used | ||||||||
| Oral steroids | ||||||||
| No | 390 | 13,866 | 28.13 | 230 | 16,465 | 13.97 | 0.52(0.44–0.61)*** | 0.48(0.41–0.57)*** |
| Yes | 1046 | 59,101 | 17.70 | 841 | 71,985 | 11.68 | 0.66(0.6–0.72)*** | 0.56(0.51–0.62)*** |
| NSAIDs | ||||||||
| No | 36 | 211 | 170.31 | 19 | 362 | 52.56 | 0.41(0.23–0.71)** | 0.32(0.16–0.63)*** |
| Yes | 1400 | 72,755 | 19.24 | 1052 | 88,089 | 11.94 | 0.63(0.58–0.68)*** | 0.55(0.5–0.59)*** |
| Statins | ||||||||
| No | 983 | 53,146 | 18.50 | 712 | 64,936 | 10.96 | 0.61(0.55–0.67)*** | 0.51(0.46–0.56)*** |
| Yes | 453 | 19,821 | 22.85 | 359 | 23,514 | 15.27 | 0.67(0.58–0.77)*** | 0.61(0.53–0.7)*** |
| SSRIs | ||||||||
| No | 633 | 27,835 | 22.74 | 476 | 34,418 | 13.83 | 0.63(0.56–0.71)*** | 0.54(0.48–0.61)*** |
| Yes | 803 | 45,132 | 17.79 | 595 | 54,032 | 11.01 | 0.62(0.56–0.69)*** | 0.53(0.48–0.59)*** |
| MAOIs | ||||||||
| No | 1228 | 66,420 | 18.49 | 919 | 79,906 | 11.50 | 0.63(0.58–0.69)*** | 0.54(0.5–0.59)*** |
| Yes | 208 | 6546 | 31.77 | 152 | 8544 | 17.79 | 0.58(0.47–0.71)*** | 0.52(0.42–0.64)*** |
| TCAs | ||||||||
| No | 714 | 44,222 | 16.15 | 502 | 52,576 | 9.55 | 0.61(0.54–0.68)*** | 0.51(0.45–0.57)*** |
| Yes | 722 | 28,745 | 25.12 | 569 | 35,875 | 15.86 | 0.64(0.57–0.71)*** | 0.57(0.51–0.63)*** |
| Other antidepressant drugs | ||||||||
| No | 1147 | 49,042 | 23.39 | 829 | 60,722 | 13.65 | 0.60(0.55–0.66)*** | 0.53(0.48–0.58)*** |
| Yes | 289 | 23,925 | 12.08 | 242 | 27,728 | 8.73 | 0.71(0.6–0.85)*** | 0.57(0.47–0.67)*** |
Notes: Adjusted HR†: adjusted for acupuncture; age; sex; diabetes mellitus; hypertension; hyperlipidemia; congestive heart failure; anxiety; alcoholism; tobacco use; obesity; oral steroids; NSAIDs; statins; and SSRIs, MAOIs, TCAs and other antidepressant drugs in Cox proportional hazards regression. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
Abbreviations: IR, incidence rate (per 1000 person-years); HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.