TABLE 5.

Demographic characteristics associated with presence of bacterial growth among adult samples undergoing urine culture and susceptibility test in Kathmandu, Nepal, May–October 2019 (n = 11,776)

Characteristics	Total n	Bacteria present		PR	(95% CI)	aPR	(95% CI)	P value
		n	(%)*
Total	11,776	1865	(15.8)
Age, years
18–29	4,063	544	(13.4)	Reference		Reference
30–44	3,175	420	(13.2)	1.0	(0.9–1.1)	1.0	(0.9–1.1)	0.668
45–59	1,930	349	(18.1)	1.4	(1.2–1.5)	1.3	(1.2–1.5)	<0.001
⩾60	2,608	552	(21.2)	1.6	(1.4–1.8)	1.6	(1.4–1.7)	<0.001
Sex
Male	3,822	640	(16.8)	1.1	(1.0–1.2)	0.9	(0.9–1.0)	0.231
Female	7,895	1,216	(15.4)	1		Reference
Not recorded	59	9	(15.3)	1.0	(0.5–1.8)	0.7	(0.4–1.4)	0.344
Department
Medicine	171	32	(18.7)	1.8	(1.2–2.6)	1.5	(1.0–2.1)	0.052
Surgery	776	127	(16.4)	1.6	(1.2–2.0)	1.4	(1.0–1.8)	0.021
Obstetrics/Gynaecology	773	81	(10.5)	Reference		Reference
Nephrology	164	31	(18.9)	1.8	(1.2–2.6)	1.5	(1.0–2.2)	0.031
Others†	1,128	167	(14.8)	1.4	(1.1–1.8)	1.2	(1.0–1.6)	0.087
Not recorded	8,764	1,427	(16.3)	1.6	(1.3–1.9)	1.5	(1.0–2.0)	0.028
Month of referral
May	1,803	274	(15.2)	Reference		Reference
June	1,988	286	(14.4)	0.9	(0.8–1.1)	0.9	(0.8–1.1)	0.489
July	2,079	308	(14.8)	1.0	(0.8–1.1)	1.0	(0.8–1.1)	0.680
August	2,278	365	(16.0)	1.1	(0.9–1.2)	1.0	(0.9–1.2)	0.589
September	2,128	370	(17.4)	1.1	(1.0–1.3)	1.1	(1.0–1.3)	0.095
October	1,500	262	(17.5)	1.1	(1.0–1.3)	1.1	(1.0–1.3)	0.126
Admission
Outpatient	8,660	1,407	(16.3)	1.1	(1.0–1.2)	0.9	(0.7–1.2)	0.553
Inpatient	3,116	458	(14.7)	Reference		Reference

^* Column percentage.

^† Includes Citobacter species, Burkholderia, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Enterobacter, Providencia.

PR = prevalence ratio; CI = confidence interval; aPR = adjusted PR.