Table 1.

Methods for Determining the Encapsulation Efficiency of Liposomes Comparison

Methods	Advantages	Limitations	References
Dialysis	Simple and Large capacities	–Only suitable for small molecule materials	[61]
		–Time-consuming
Centrifugation	Low sample volume	–Vesicles rupture	[61]
Chromatography	Suitable for lipophilic materials	–Only suitable for large vesicles	[62]
		–Dilution and leakage of materials
Ultrafiltration	Low sample volume	–Concentration polarization	[63]
NMR	No pretreatment	–Presence of a pH gradient across membrane or addition of the chemical shift reagent required	[64]
Fluorometry	No pretreatment	–Fluorescent labeling required	[65,66]