Table 1. The physical characteristics and clinical data in Japanese university male and female.
| Variable | Male | Female | p-value |
| N | 18 | 65 | - |
| Age, years | 18.7 (1.2) | 18.4 (0.6) | 0.526 |
| Standing height, cm | 168.9 (6.7)** | 156.9 (5.0) | 0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 58.9 (6.3)** | 51.5 (7.8) | 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.4 (2.2) | 20.9 (2.8) | 0.561 |
| % body fat | 13.2 (4.5)** | 26.3 (6.0) | 0.001 |
| Fat mass, kg | 7.8 (3.3)** | 13.9 (5.3) | 0.001 |
| Morphological assessment | |||
| Fat-free mass, kg | 28.1 (3.1)** | 20.3 (2.2) | 0.001 |
| SMI, kg/m2 | 7.47 (0.57)** | 6.07 (0.54) | 0.001 |
| Thigh girth, cm | 48.7 (4.1) | 48.5 (4.5) | 0.468 |
| Calf girth, cm | 35.4 (2.0)* | 34.2 (2.9) | 0.043 |
| Anterior thigh MTH, cm | 4.80 (0.65) | 4.50 (0.64) | 0.099 |
| Posterior thigh MTH, cm | 6.08 (0.50)** | 5.54 (0.62) | 0.001 |
| Posterior calf MTH, cm | 6.58 (0.45)** | 5.98 (0.67) | 0.001 |
| Functional assessment | |||
| J-CHS, unit/5-question | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.613 |
| Handgrip, kg | 42.1 (6.5)** | 27.0 (5.9) | 0.001 |
| Gait speed, sec/5 m | 3.70 (0.55) | 3.60 (0.56) | 0.711 |
| Two-Step test, m/m | 1.71 (0.14)* | 1.64 (0.10) | 0.014 |
| Stand-Up test, cm | 12.9 (7.7) | 17.6 (11.9) | 0.190 |
| 25-Question GLFS, unit | 2.7 (2.4) | 3.6 (3.7) | 0.456 |
Data are given as mean (standard deviation). BMI: Body mass index; J-CHS: Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study; MTH: muscle thickness; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index. **p<0.01, *p<0.05, male vs. female.