Table 1.
Characteristics of randomized trials on the effects of sesame consumption on inflammatory biomarkers in humans included in the meta-analysis.
| Reference | Location | Subjects and gender | Age, y1 | Design | Intervention type | Duration (wk) | Outcomes | Outcome2 | Notes about subjects | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control (name and composition) | Intervention | Control | ||||||||
| Helli et al. [33] | Iran | F : 44 | S + C: | Parallel | Sesamin capsule (200 mg/d) | Placebo capsules (starch) | 6 | hs-CRP | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 22.28 ± 5.85; after: 17.33 ± 4.05 | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 20.74 ± 7.43; after: 21.91 ± 7.81 | 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
| S : 22 | 55.49 ± 5.98 | TNF-α | TNF (ng/L) : before: 2.17 ± 0.71; after: 1.67 ± 0.58 | TNF (ng/L) : before: 2.03 ± 0.82; after: 2.06 ± 0.36 | |||||||
| C : 22 | IL-6 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 4.84 ± 3.67 after: 3.45 ± 1.69 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 4.38 ± 2.67; after: 4.58 ± 1.85 | ||||||||
|
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| Farajbaksh et al. [31] | Iran | M : 16 | 30–70 yrs | Parallel | Sesame oil (30 mL/d) | Placebo (sunflower oil) | 8 | hs-CRP | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 43.8 ± 13.4; after: 39.6 ± 17 | Hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 43.5 ± 17.4; after: 43.9 ± 20.1 | 47 patients with metabolic syndrome |
| F : 31 | S : 48.04 ± 7.67 | ||||||||||
| S : 24 (7/17) | C : 50.17 ± 7.6 | ||||||||||
| C : 23 (9/14) | |||||||||||
|
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| Da silva barbosa et al. [30] | Brazil | M : 20 | 16–18 yrs | Sesame seed (40 g/d) | Placebo (honey, maltodextrin, cow milk, and artificial caramel food coloring) | 4 | hs-CRP | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 3.66 ± 1.4; after: 0.8 ± 1.0 | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 3.31 ± 1.8; after: 0.6 ± 0.4 | 20 semiprofessional soccer players | |
| S : 10 | |||||||||||
| C : 10 | |||||||||||
|
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| Mohammad Shahi et al. [35] | Iran | F + M: 48 | 30–60 yrs | Parallel | Sesamin capsule (200 mg/d) | Placebo capsules (starch) | 8 | hs-CRP | hs-crp (mg/L) : before: 2.83 ± 1.35; after: 2.53 ± 1.44 | Hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 2.80 ± 1.25; after: 2.92 ± 1.3 | 44 type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| S : 24 | S : 50 ± 12.3 | TNF-α | TNF (ng/L) before: 1.92 ± 0.76; after: 1.3 ± 0.27 | TNF (ng/L) : before: 1.66 ± 0.76; after: 1.86 ± 0.9 | |||||||
| C : 24 | C : 51.72 ± 12.24 | IL-6 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 20.19 ± 12.1; after: 17.2 ± 9.13 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 21.26 ± 10.73 after: 22.19 ± 11.14 | |||||||
| IL-6 | Adiponectin (µg/mL) : before: 6.21 ± 1.33; after: 7.34 ± 2.88 | Adiponectin (µg/L) : before: 6.60 ± 1.62; after: 6.19 ± 1.10 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Haghighian et al. [32] | Iran | F + M: 45 | 50–70 yrs | Parallel | Sesame seed (40 g/d) + acetaminophen | Placebo (glucosamine) + acetaminophen | 8 | hs-CRP | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 1.45 ± 1.12; after: 1.42 ± 1.32 | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 1.64 ± 1.19; after: 1.68 ± 0.87 | 45 patients with knee osteoarthritis |
| S : 22 | S : 56.90 ± 6.39 | IL-6 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 2.29 ± 0.82; after: 0.38 ± 0.05 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 2.43 ± 0.68; after: 1.53 ± 0.04 | |||||||
| C : 23 | C : 58.27 ± 7.84 | ||||||||||
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| Karatzi et al. [34] | Greece | M : 30 | S : 49.8 ± 8.46 | Parallel | Sesame oil (35 g/d) | Control | 8 | CRP | CRP (mg/L) : before: 1.8 ± 1.8; after: 2.0 ± 2.3 | CRP (mg/L) : before: 1.9 ± 2.3; after: 2.0 ± 2.5 | 30 hypertension men |
| S : 17 | C : 56.8 ± 12 | TNF-α | TNF (ng/L) : before: 0.77 ± 1.0; after: 0.96 ± 1.5 | TNF (ng/L) : before: 0.31 ± 0.51; after: 0.54 ± 0.61 | |||||||
| C : 13 | |||||||||||
|
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| Wu et al. [24] | Australia | F + M: 3 | S: 54.7 ± 8.6 | Crossover | Sesame seed (25 g/d) | Placebo | 5 | hs-CRP | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 2.1 ± 2.5; after: 1.89 ± 2.06 | hs-CRP (mg/L) : before: 1.98 ± 2.29; after: 2.02 ± 2.42 | 38 overweight men and women |
| S : 38 | C : 54.7 ± 8.6 | TNF-α | TNF-α (ng/L) : before: 1.85 ± 0.59; after: 1.83 ± 0.58 | TNF-α (ng/L) : before: 1.83 ± 0.61; after: 1.8 ± 0.59 | |||||||
| C : 38 | IL-6 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 2.08 ± 1.16; after: 2.05 ± 1.03 | IL-6 (ng/L) : before: 2.14 ± 1.3; after: 2.25 ± 1.33 | ||||||||
1Values are overall ranges and means ± SDs in each group. 2Values are means ± SDs. C: control; CRP: C-reactive protein; F: female; hs-CRP: highly sensitive C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; M: male; S: sesame; and TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.