Table 3.
Pooled estimates of the effects of sesame consumption on inflammatory biomarkers within different subgroups3.
| Number of trials | WMD (95% CI) | P value | P-heterogeneity | I 2 (%) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP | TNF | IL-6 | CRP | TNF | IL-6 | CRP | TNF | IL-6 | CRP | TNF | IL-6 | CRP | TNF | IL-6 | |
| Total | 7 | 4 | 4 | −0.55 (−1.22, 0.12) | −0.34 (−0.77, 0.08) | −0.90 (−1.71, −0.09) | 0.109 | 0.111 | 0.029 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 75.1 | 88.4 | 80.4 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Baseline serum biomarker¹ | |||||||||||||||
| <10 mg/L | 5 | — | 2 | −0.20 (−0.48, 0.06) | — | −0.56 (−1.41, 0.28) | 0.138 | — | 0.193 | 0.831 | — | 0.158 | 0 | — | 49.8 |
| ≥10 mg/L | 2 | — | 2 | −5.91 (−8.25, −3.58) | — | −1.94 (−3.57, −0.30) | <0.001 | — | 0.020 | 0.666 | — | 0.029 | 0 | — | 78.9 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Baseline BMI | |||||||||||||||
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | −3.40 (−8.16, 1.35) | −0.24 (−0.77, 0.28) | −0.73 (−2.13, 0.66) | 0.161 | 0.363 | 0.303 | <0.001 | 0.002 | — | 90.5 | 89.5 | — |
| <30 kg/m2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | −0.19 (−0.49, 0.10) | −0.45 (−1.21, 0.31) | −1.75 (−4.23, 0.73) | 0.193 | 0.245 | 0.167 | 0.693 | 0.008 | 0.266 | 0 | 85.9 | 24.5 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Type of intervention | |||||||||||||||
| Sesame capsule | 2 | 2 | 2 | −0.62 (−1.09, −0.15) | −0.67 (−0.95, −0.38) | −1.94 (−3.57, −0.30) | 0.271 | <0.001 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 0.190 | 0.020 | 94.8 | 41.9 | 14.9 |
| Sesame seed | 3 | 1 | 2 | −0.12 (−0.47, 0.22) | 0.01 (−0.15, 0.17) | −0.56 (−1.41, 0.28) | 0.476 | 0.907 | 0.193 | 0.908 | — | 0.193 | 0 | — | 89.8 |
| Sesame oil | 2 | 1 | — | −0.02 (−1.07, 1.02) | −0.04 (−0.52, 0.44) | — | 0.582 | 0.871 | — | 0.157 | — | — | 50.1 | — | — |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Duration of treatment | |||||||||||||||
| <8 wk | 3 | 2 | 2 | −1.73 (−3.92, 0.45) | −0.24 (−0.77, 0.28) | −0.73 (−2.13, 0.66) | 0.120 | 0.363 | 0.303 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.029 | 90.1 | 89.5 | 78.9 |
| =8 wk | 4 | 2 | 2 | −0.21 (−0.55, 0.12) | −0.45 (−1.21, 0.31) | −1.75 (−4.23, 0.73) | 0.216 | 0.245 | 0.167 | 0.356 | 0.008 | 0.158 | 7.5 | 85.9 | 49.8 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Geographic region | |||||||||||||||
| Asia | 4 | 2 | 3 | −1.38 (−2.70, −0.06) | −0.67 (−0.95, −0.38) | −1.23 (−1.95, −0.52) | 0.039 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.190 | 0.266 | 87.3 | 41.9 | 24.5 |
| Non-Asia | 3 | 2 | 1 | −0.14 (−0.65, 0.35) | 0.005 (−0.15, 0.16) | −0.14 (−0.48, 0.20) | 0.559 | 0.955 | 0.428 | 0.861 | 0.848 | — | 0 | 0 | — |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Sample size | |||||||||||||||
| <40 | 3 | 2 | 1 | −0.14 (−0.65, 0.35) | 0.005 (−0.15, 0.16) | −0.14 (−0.48, 0.20) | 0.559 | 0.955 | 0.428 | 0.861 | 0.848 | 0.428 | 0 | 0 | — |
| ≥40 | 4 | 2 | 3 | −1.38 (−2.70, −0.06) | −0.67 (−0.95, −0.38) | −1.23 (−1.95, −0.52) | 0.039 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.190 | 0.001 | 87.3 | 41.9 | 24.5 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Men | 2 | 1 | − | −0.02 (−0.77, 0.72) | −0.04 (−0.52, 0.44) | — | 0.950 | 0.871 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — |
| Women | 1 | 1 | 1 | -6.12 (−8.63, −3.61) | −0.53 (−0.82, −0.23) | −1.59 (−2.84, −0.33) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.411 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Both | 4 | 2 | 3 | −0.24 (−0.53, 0.04) | −0.39 (−1.20, 0.41) | −0.72 (−1.62, 0.17) | 0.103 | 0.342 | 0.116 | 0.745 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0 | 95.2 | 84.1 |
1<10 mg/L, ≥10 mg/L for CRP, <2 ng/L, ≥2 ng/L for TNF, <3 ng/L, ≥3 ng/L for IL-6, 2BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; and WMD: weighted mean difference.