Table 4. Biochemical parameter values of the study groups at baseline and at the end of the intervention.
| Variable | Intervention group (n = 31) | Placebo group (n = 32) | p value* | p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FBS (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline | 86.6 ± 11.9 | 88.4 ± 17.7 | 0.64 | ||
| End | 82.3 ± 13.4 | 87.9 ± 18.3 | 0.17 | 0.00 | |
| p value‡ | 0.001 | 0.512 | |||
| Difference | −4.3 ± 8.1 | −0.5 ± 7.9 | 0.06 | 0.02 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline | 122.0 ± 30.5 | 124.5 ± 40.5 | 0.78 | ||
| End | 117.0 ± 33.8 | 122.5 ± 37.8 | 0.55 | 0.73 | |
| p value‡ | 0.073 | 0.53 | |||
| Difference | −5.0 ± 14.9 | −2.0 ± 18.7 | 0.50 | 0.73 | |
| TC (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline | 164.0 ± 20.6 | 158.5 ± 25.9 | 0.35 | ||
| End | 153.5 ± 16.1 | 156.0 ± 23.1 | 0.62 | 0.043 | |
| p value‡ | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Difference | −10.5 ± 13.9 | −2.5 ± 13.9 | 0.025 | 0.039 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline | 42.3 ± 5.9 | 40.9 ± 6.7 | 0.38 | ||
| End | 44.6 ± 6.3 | 42.1 ± 6.2 | 0.12 | 0.32 | |
| p value‡ | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Difference | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 1.2 ± 2.9 | 0.083 | 0.32 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | |||||
| Baseline | 97.3 ± 19.4 | 92.6 ± 22.9 | 0.38 | ||
| End | 85.4 ± 16.2 | 89.3 ± 19.8 | 0.39 | 0.016 | |
| p value‡ | 0.020 | 0.038 | |||
| Difference | −11.8 ± 13.9 | −3.2 ± 14.1 | 0.01 | 0.016 | |
| Leptin (µg/L) | |||||
| Baseline | 53.28 ± 13.41 | 58.6 ± 17.0 | 0.17 | ||
| End | 42.8 ± 9.9 | 54.8 ± 12.9 | 0.003 | 0.014 | |
| p value‡ | 0.038 | 0.011 | |||
| Difference | −10.5 ± 12.6 | −3.7 ± 17.0 | 0.07 | 0.016 | |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | |||||
| Baseline | 7.5 ± 2.9 | 7.0 ± 2.4 | 0.45 | ||
| End | 9.4 ± 2.9 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | 0.004 | 0.041 | |
| p value‡ | 0.02 | 0.312 | |||
| Difference | 2.0 ± 3.1 | 0.4 ± 3.2 | 0.049 | 0.04 | |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | |||||
| Baseline | 12.0 ± 8.7 | 12.6 ± 8.3 | 0.76 | ||
| End | 8.9 ± 6.5 | 10.7 ± 8.0 | 0.33 | 0.34 | |
| p value‡ | 0.004 | 0.055 | |||
| Difference | −3.1 ± 5.5 | −1.9 ± 5.4 | 0.40 | 0.76 | |
| HOMA-IR | |||||
| Baseline | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 0.53 | ||
| End | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 0.18 | 0.11 | |
| p value‡ | 0.003 | 0.044 | |||
| Difference | −0.7 ± 1.3 | −0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.32 | 0.66 | |
| FFA (µg/mL) | |||||
| Baseline | 246.7 ± 13.9 | 259.5 ± 18.7 | 0.22 | ||
| End | 193.2 ± 10.1 | 227.30 ± 16.4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| p value‡ | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Difference | −71.47 ± 3.7 | −32.26 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Bold-faced p values < 0.05 was considered as significant.
FBS, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; FFA, free fatty acids; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance.
*Independent t-test; †Covariance (ANCOVA) (adjusted for age, physical activity, dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins A, C, and E, BMI, and corresponding baseline value); ‡Paired t-test.