|
CYP1A2 gene (rs762551) |
C;A |
Encodes the CYP1A2 liver enzyme, which is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily that catalyzes various reactions associated with drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids; metabolizes caffeine; serves as a biomarker of fast or slow metabolism |
Caffeine |
Individuals carrying the C allele of the CYP1A2 gene (rs762551), who are considered slow metabolizers, have an increased risk of hypertension, myocardial infarction, elevated blood pressure, and pre-diabetes when they consume more than 200 mg of caffeine per day, whereas people possessing the AA genotype (fast metabolizers) do not carry these risks [52,53,54,55]. |
|
TAS1R2 gene |
Ile19Val |
Encodes the sweet taste receptor 2 protein subunits, T1R2, which is specifically required to perceive sweet tastes |
Sugar |
Val carriers of the TAS1R2 gene tended to consume fewer sugars in comparison with those homozygous for the Ile allele [56]. |
|
ACE gene |
Ins/Del |
Encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasopressor and aldosterone-stimulating peptide that controls fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure |
Sodium |
Individuals with ID and DD genotypes of the ACE gene are associated with a higher blood pressure during a high-Na+ diet compared to those with II genotype [57,58] |
|
LCT gene (rs4988235) |
G;A |
Encodes enzymes that belong to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family, which has lactase activity; polymorphisms in the LCT gene are related to lactase persistence |
Lactose |
Individuals carrying the C allele are associated with an increased risk of suboptimal plasma 25(OH)D concentration compared to those with the TT genotype. Particularly, carriers with the CC genotype are prone to lactose intolerance, which is associated with a low plasma 25(OH)D concentration [59]. |
