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. 2021 Mar 15;14(5):962–974. doi: 10.1007/s12265-021-10112-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — An example of data analysis using the PV loop and acquisition with in-vivo fluoroscopic imaging and ex-vivo demonstration of instrumentation. a The pressure-volume (PV) loop and derived measurements. The pressure-volume loop describes a single cardiac cycle by presenting left ventricular pressure as function of volume and facilitates an understanding of cardiac hemodynamics. The end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) line slope (or Ees) represents the load-independent contractile function of the heart. The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) line slope (EDPVR) represents the load-independent diastolic properties of the heart. The area of the pressure-volume loop (gray area) represents stroke work (SW), the combination of SW and potential energy (boundary created from the ESPVR and EDPVR lines) represents what is referred to pressure-volume area (PVA or total cardiac work), and arterial elastance is the ratio of end-systolic pressure to stroke volume (Ea). b In vivo fluoroscopic image of real-time simultaneous intracoronary and intraventricular data acquisition. Fluoroscopy was used to confirm (PA view) correct positioning of Combowire in the coronary artery (left anterior descending) and conductance catheter (CC) in the apex of the left ventricle. c Ex vivo image of Asahi sheathless guide with CC and Combowire exiting the guide catheter