Table 2. Nutrient intake status and laboratory findings depending on the amount of protein intake in patients with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Variable	Total, n=2,069	LPI group, n=523	Non-LPI group, n=1,546	P value
Nutrient intake status
Caloric intake, gram	1,322±750	740±354	1,518±747	<0.001
Energy, Kcal	1,913±772	1,207±351	2,152±728	<0.001
Protein, gram	65.2±34.6	30.7±7.8	76.8±32.3	<0.001
Fat, gram	30.0±27.1	10.9±7.2	36.4±28.3	<0.001
Carbohydrate, gram	325.6±116.4	237.2±76.1	355.5±112.4	<0.001
Fiber, gram	7.8±5.7	4.5±3.0	8.9±6.0	<0.001
Calcium, mg	483±359	237±161	567±369	<0.001
Phosphate, mg	1,138±500	628±179	1,311±453	<0.001
Iron, mg	14.9±11.7	7.6±6.1	17.4±12.1	<0.001
Carotene, μg	3,857±4,523	2,089±2,762	4,456±4,836	<0.001
Retinol, μg	76±387	15±32	97±446	<0.001
Vitamin B1, mg	1.2±0.7	0.6±0.3	1.4±0.7	<0.001
Vitamin B2, mg	1.0±0.7	0.5±0.3	1.2±0.7	<0.001
Niacin, mg	15.7±8.9	7.9±2.6	18.3±8.7	<0.001
Vitamin C, mg	98.3±84.5	55.1±49. 5	112.9±88.8	<0.001
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL	14.3±1.5	13.9±1.4	14.5±1. 5	<0.001
AST, IU/L	24.9±12.8	24.6±13.9	25.1±12.4	0.500
ALT, IU/L	22.0±13.8	20.5±12.4	22.5±14.1	0.003
Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L	245.1±71.2	250.8±71.5	243.4±71.0	0.125
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	189.8±36.5	193.7±37.7	188.5±36.0	0.006
Triglyceride, mg/dL	150.2±120.4	153.4±117.0	149.1±121.5	0.499
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	48.3±12.3	48.2±12.6	48.3±12.2	0.887
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	112.8±34.4	119.9±34.0	111.0±34.3	0.060
BUN, mg/dL	16.3±5.1	16.0±4.9	16.4±5.2	0.133
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.9±0.2	0.9±0.2	0.9±0.2	0.500
HbA1c, %	6.2±1.1	6.3±1.2	6.2±1.0	0.104
Vitamin D, ng/mL	20.1±7.0	19.7±7.5	20.2±6.9	0.237

Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. LPI, low protein intake; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.