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. 2021 Nov 8;7:44. doi: 10.1038/s41526-021-00171-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Space microgravity and biological functions of mitochondria. Space microgravity induces the upregulation of glycolysis, TCA cycles, ROS levels, and NADPH oxidase activity in mitochondria. On the other hand, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production, mitochondrion respiratory chain components are downregulated. (Copyright of spaceman icon was purchased from The Noun Project, Inc. CA, https://thenounproject.com/term/spaceman/854150/).