Table 1.
Reported antioxidants applicable for space mitochondria stress.
| Name | Synonyms | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| MitoQuinone |
- Mitoquinone cation - Plastoquinonyl-decyl-triphenylphosphonium - MitoQ |
- Mitochondria-specific target design (triphenylphosphonium) of Coenzyme Q10 - Increasing the electron transporter activity between NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase |
90 |
| Methylene blue |
- Methylthioninium chloride - 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride |
- Increasing the activity of complex IV ROS scavenging | 91–93 |
| Resveratrol |
- 3,5,4′-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene - 3,4′,5-Trihydroxystilbene |
- Upregulating mitochondria-located antioxidant enzymes ROS scavenging | 94 |
| SkQ1 |
- Plastoquinonyl-decyl-triphenylphosphonium - Visomitin |
- Mitochondria-specific target design (triphenylphosphonium) of plastoquinone - Increasing the ratio of anti- vs. pro-oxidant concentrations |
95 |
| Lipoic acid |
- 6,8-Dithiooctanoic acid - Tioctic Acid - Thioctanoic acid - Berlition |
- A cofactor for mitochondrial 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases | 96 |
| N-acetylcysteine |
- Acetylcysteine - Mercapturic acid |
- Increasing the intracellular GSH levels | 97 |