Table 3.

Reported the altered mitochondrial markers under space or simulated microgravity.

Molecular function enrichment	Species/target	Molecular class/term	Facility	Upregulation	Downregulation	Ref
A mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD)	Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans	Gene expression	SM		sod-3	102
Mitochondria-associated gene expression	Mice/ocular cell	Gene expression	Spaceflight	Bak1, Bcl2l1, Bid, Fxc1, Opa1, Pmaip1, Sh3gl, Slc25a13, Slc25a16, Slc25a17, Trp53, Tspo, Ucp1, Ucp2	Slc25a37	26
Intracellular mitochondrial genes	Human neural stem cells	Protein expression	SM	NRF1, NRF2, and Tfam,		103
Proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain	Mice/skeletal muscles	Protein expression	Spaceflight	Ndufs4, ATP6v1b2, Cox6c	Atp5b, Etfa, Coq6, Cox5a, Cox5b, Etfdh, Ndufa10, Nudfa9, Ndufa10, Nudfb9, Ndufb10, Ndufs1, Ndufs2, Ndufs3, Ndufv1, Ndufv2, Samm50	104
Other mitochondrial proteins			Spaceflight		Mfn1, Mtfp1	104
NADPH oxidase activity	Rat/arteries	Protein expression	SM	Nox2, Nox4		45
Kreb’s cycle	Human/osteoblasts	Protein expression	SM		ODO2, SUCB1, FUMH, SDHA, MDHM	57
Glycolysis			SM	LDHA, PGAM1	TPI1, G3P, ENOA	57
PPP			SM	6PGD	TKT	57
Ubiquinolcytochrome-c reductase activity			SM	UQCRC1, NQO1, CYB5R3	UCRI	57
Cytochrome c oxidase activity			SM		COX5A, CYB5A, COX6C	57
Antioxidant activity			SM	PRDX4, PRDX5, PRDX6, SODC	PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3	57
Oxidative stress-related genes	Human hair	Gene expression	Spaceflight		MnSOD, CuZnSOD, Nrf2, Keap1, GPx4	59
Glycolysis	Human embryonic brain	Metabolomic Profile	SM	Lactate levels	Glucose, pyruvate levels	46
TCA cycle			SM	Citrate levels, Aconitate, fumarate, malate levels		46
Enzyme activity	Rat cardiac and skeletal muscles	Gene expression	Spaceflight	Mdh, Cox		53
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), glycolysis, and TCA proteins.	Rat hippocampus	Metabolomic profile	SM	Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, glucose phosphate isomerase, MDH1, NAD (soluble), oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate) dehydrogenase (lipoamide), phosphofructokinase, muscle, phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (brain), and pyruvate kinase isozyme M2	NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (Ndufv2); ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1, subunit B2 (Atp6v1b2); ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1, subunit E1 (Atp6v1e1); and ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial Fo complex, subunit F6 (Atp 5j); glutamate dehydrogenase; and Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase, Complex III: Cytochrome bc1, and Complex IV: COX	23
Oxidative stress markers			SM		MDA and H2O2	23
NADPH oxidase family genes	Human Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells	Gene expression	SM	NADPH oxidase family genes (gp91-, p22-, p47-, and p67-phox)	ATPase (ATP1A1) and ATP synthase (ATP5A1)	64
Autophagy-related genes			SM	ULK1, ATG14, BECN1, and LC3		64
Phosphorylation			SM	ULK1, ATF4, Beclin-1, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)		64
Inhibit autophagy			SM	LKB1 and activated AMPK	Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1	64
Mitochondrial proteins	Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)	Protein expression	SM		MTCO, VDAC, and CYP D	54
Markers of autophagy			SM	LC3 B-II and p62		54
Marker of mitophagy			SM	BNIP3		54
Lipid oxidation	Rat cerebral arteries	Protein expression	SM	MDA		43
Antioxidant			SM		MnSOD and GPx	43
Mitochondrial protein/gene	Caenorhabditis elegans	Protein expression	Spaceflight		SDHA-1, GPD-3, PCK-1, GEI-7, ACO-2, CTS-1	105
TCA cycle		Gene expression	Spaceflight		pdha-1, C04C3.3, dld-1, cts-1, aco-1, aco-2, idha-1, idhb-1, idhg-1, idhg-2, idh-2, gei-7, dlst-1, dld-1, sdha-1, sdhb-1, mev-1, sdhd-1, fum-1, malate dehydrogenase 1 (mdh-1)	105