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. 2021 Nov 8;11:21846. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01177-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Intracellular ROS production following exposure of primary human small airway epithelial cells to welding particles. ROS production was assessed with the DCFDA reagent. hSAEC cells from three donors were exposed to stainless steel or mild steel particles (1–250 µg/mL) for 24 h. Fluorescent measurements (Ex485/Em535) were performed every 5 min over 30 min. ROS increase was calculated as mean slope per minute and normalized to the unexposed control. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBP, 200 μM) was used as positive control. The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation of at least two independent experiments for each donor (n = 8). Statistically significant differences are labeled with an asterisk (* for P-value < 0.05, *** for P-value < 0.001). Figure created using GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0.