Table 1.
Summary of design and participant characteristics of studies included in meta-analyses.
| Study (year, country) | Study design | Diagnostic criteria | Medication | No. a | Female (%) | Age (year) | Physical activity | Closed/open motor skills | Available outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intensity | Duration (min) | Frequency (times/week) | Week | Inattention |
Hyperactivity/
impulsivity |
Emotional problems | Behavioral problems | ||||||||
| Jensen et al. (2004, Australia) (32) | Non-RCT | DSM-IV | NR | 11/8 | 0 | 8–13 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Closed | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Verret et al. (2012, Canada) (19) | Non-RCT | DSM-IV | NR | 9/9 | 10 | 7–12 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 45 | 3 | 10 | Open | √ | – | √ | √ |
| So et al. (2017, Korea) (51) | Non-RCT | Clinician | NR | 10 | NR | 10–12 | NR | 30 | 2 | 4 | Open | √ | – | √ | – |
| Kallweit et al. (2019, Germany) (52) | Non-RCT | DSM-IV | NR | 36 | 44 | 22–41 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 10 | NR | NR | Closed | √ | √ | – | — |
| Converse et al. (2020, America) (33) | Non-RCT | Clinician | NR | 9/4 | 67 | 18–23 | NR | 60 | 2 | 7 | Closed | √ | √ | – | — |
| Kang et al. (2011, Republic of Korea) (16) | RCT | Clinician | Yes | 15/13 | NR | 7–9 | Moderate | 90 | 2 | 6 | Closed | √ | √ | – | — |
| Hoza et al. (2015, America) (34) | RCT | DISC-IV | No | 49/45 | 47 | 4–8 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 31 | 5 | 12 | Open | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Zhang et al. (2015, China) (53) | RCT | Clinician | NR | 15/15 | 50 | 6–12 | Moderate | 30 | 3 | 10 | Open | – | – | √ | — |
| Pan et al. (2016, China) (55) | RCT | DSM-IV | NR | 16/16 | 0 | 6–12 | Moderate | 70 | 2 | 12 | Open | √ | – | √ | √ |
| Bustamante et al. (2016, America) (54) | RCT | DISC-IV | NR | 19/16 | 31 | 6–12 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 105 | 5 | 10 | Open | √ | √ | – | √ |
| García-Gómez et al. (2016, Spain) (20) | RCT | Clinician | NR | 9/5 | 14 | 7–14 | NR | 45 | 2 | 12 | Open | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Geladé et al. (2017, Netherlands) (35) | RCT | DSM-IVTR | No | 31 | 32 | 7–13 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 20 | 3 | 10 | NR | √ | √ | – | – |
| Oh et al. (2018, Korea) (36) | RCT | DSM-IVTR | No | 17 | 12 | 6–12 | NR | 60 | 2 | 12 | Open | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Silva et al. (2019, Brasilia) (56) | RCT | DSM-IV | NR | 10/10 | 30 | 11–14 | Moderate | 45 | 2 | 8 | Closed | – | – | √ | – |
| Hernandez-Reif et al. (2000, America) (47) | Self-control | Clinician | NR | 13 | 15 | 13–16 | NR | NR | 2 | NR | Closed | – | √ | √ | √ |
| Lufi (2011, Israel) (49) | Self-control | DSM-IVTR | No | 15 | 0 | 8–13 | NR | 90 | 1 | 20 | Open | √ | – | √ | √ |
| Smith et al. (2013, America) (50) | Self-control | DSM-IV | No | 14 | 12 | 5–8 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 26 | 5 | 8 | Open | – | √ | – | √ |
| Cuypers et al. (2011, Norway) (48) | Self-control | Clinician | Yes | 5 | 0 | 10–11 | NR | 60 | 2 | 24 | Open | – | – | √ | √ |
| Fritz et al. (2015, America) (18) | Self-control | ASRS V1.1 | No | 32 | 0 | 18–34 | Moderate | 20 | NR | NR | Closed | – | – | √ | – |
| Jang et al. (2015, Republic of Korea) (37) | Self-control | DSM-IVTR | No | 20 | 5 | 6–13 | NR | 30–60 | 2 | 12 | Open | √ | √ | – | – |
| Schoenfelder et al. (2017, America) (38) | Self-control | Clinician | NR | 11 | 54 | 14–18 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Closed | √ | √ | √ | – |
| Shema-Shiratzky et al. (2019, Israel) (39) | Self-control | DSM-5 | No | 14 | 21 | 8–11 | NR | 90–180 | 3 | 6 | Open | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Siu et al. (2020, China) (40) | Self-control | Clinician | NR | 14 | 29 | 7–9 | Moderate-to-vigorous | 90 | 1 | 6 | Open | √ | √ | – | – |
a
The sample size of each study, the number before slash indicated the intervention group size, and the number after the slash indicated the control group size.
NR, not report; RCT, randomized control trial.