Table 2.

Pooled effect size for physical activity intervention on attention problems.

	Before–after studies						Two-group control studies
	No.	Effect size			Heterogeneity		No.	Effect size				Heterogeneity
		SMD	95% CI	P for Z	I 2	P		SMD	95% CI	P for Z		I 2	p
Overall intervention effect	16	0.604	0.374, 0.834	<0.001	51.1%	0.010	8	0.715	0.105, 1.325	0.022		84.0%	<0.001
ADHD diagnostic status
Yes	14	0.603	0.320, 0.885	<0.001	56.1%	0.005	6	1.056	0.140, 1.972	0.024		84.8%	<0.001
No	2	0.635	0.371, 0.899	<0.001	0.0%	0.560	2	0.059	−0.204, 0.323	0.659		0.0%	0.851
Study population
Children	14	0.678	0.431, 0.926	<0.001	50.8%	0.015	7	0.776	0.101, 1.451	0.024		86.3%	<0.001
Adults	2	0.135	−0.278, 0.549	0.522	0.0%	0.881	1	0.327	−0.714, 1.368	0.538		–	–
Motor skills
Closed	5	0.687	−0.020, 1.395	0.057	77.0%	0.002	3	0.909	−0.540, 2.359	0.219		87.6%	<0.001
Open	10	0.671	0.487, 0.855	<0.001	0.0%	0.641	5	0.604	−0.127, 1.336	0.105		84.3%	<0.001
Intensity of physical activity
Moderate	2	1.426	0.163, 2.689	0.027	83.0%	0.015	2	1.550	−0.066, 3.166	0.060		88.1%	0.004
Moderate-to-vigorous	5	0.419	0.175, 0.663	0.001	33.6%	0.197	3	0.951	−0.328, 2.230	0.145		90.0%	<0.001
Frequency of physical activity
<3 times per week	9	0.787	0.392, 1.182	<0.001	53.8%	0.027	4	0.838	−0.133, 1.808	0.091		79.5%	0.002
≥3 times per week	4	0.488	0.215, 0.760	<0.001	33.6%	0.210	3	0.951	−0.328, 2.230	0.145		90.0%	<0.001
Medication
Yes	1	1.512	0.694, 2.330	0.000	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
No	6	0.993	0.349, 1.636	0.002	83.8%	0.000	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SMD, standardized mean difference.