Table 3.

Pooled effect size for physical activity intervention on hyperactive/impulsive problems.

	Before–after studies						Two-group control studies
	No.	Effect size			Heterogeneity		No.	Effect size				Heterogeneity
		SMD	95% CI	P for Z	I 2	P		SMD	95% CI	P for Z		I 2	P
Overall intervention effect	15	0.676	0.401, 0.950	<0.001	66.3%	<0.001	6	0.031	−0.192, 0.254	0.787		37.6%	0.155
ADHD diagnostic status
Yes	13	0.650	0.322, 0.978	<0.001	68.2%	<0.001	4	0.350	−0.068, 0.768	0.101		37.8%	0.185
No	2	0.828	0.251, 1.405	0.005	59.2%	0.117	2	−0.096	−0.360, 0.168	0.475		0.0%	0.791
Study population
Children	13	0.770	0.478, 1.062	<0.001	65.3%	0.001	5	0.041	−0.188, 0.269	0.727		49.1%	0.097
Adults	2	0.049	−0.364, 0.463	0.815	0.0%	0.921	1	−0.172	−1.207, 0.863	0.745		–	–
Motor skills
Closed	6	0.624	0.106, 1.143	0.018	71.2%	0.004	3	0.455	0.002, 0.907	0.049		41.1%	0.183
Open	8	0.818	0.466, 1.170	<0.001	55.6%	0.027	3	−0.105	−0.362, 0.151	0.420		0.0%	0.924
Intensity of physical activity
Moderate	1	1.512	0.694, 2.330	<0.001	–	–	1	1.004	0.213, 1.796	0.013		-	-
Moderate-to-vigorous	6	0.434	0.123, 0.744	0.006	58.3%	0.035	2	−0.096	−0.360, 0.168	0.475		0.0%	0.791
Frequency of physical activity
<3 times per week	7	0.918	0.356, 1.480	0.001	69.9%	0.003	3	0.254	−0.613, 1.122	0.565		58.5%	0.090
≥3 times per week	5	0.617	0.283, 0.951	<0.001	54.1%	0.069	2	−0.096	−0.360, 0.168	0.475		0.0%	0.791
Medication
Yes	1	2.129	1.222, 3.037	0.000	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
No	5	0.837	0.339, 1.335	0.001	71.0%	0.008	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SMD, standardized mean difference.