Table 4.

Association between PCOS and neuropsychiatric disorders in women of reproductive age.

Neuropsychiatric disorders	N	Unadjusted association				Adjusted associationa
		I2	OR (95% CI)	p value	I2		OR (95% CI)	p value
ASD	3	0.0%	2.31 (1.82, 2.93)	<0.001	15.4%		1.88 (1.38, 2.57)	<0.001
ASDbc	5	66.7%	1.93 (1.43, 2.61)	<0.001	51.7%		1.58 (1.22, 2.04)	0.001
ADHDb	2	0.00%	1.23 (1.13, 1.35)	<0.001	0.00%		0.91 (0.83, 1.01)	0.069
Schizophrenia	2	0.00%	1.67 (1.44, 1.94)	<0.001	0.00%		1.12 (0.94, 1.33)	0.199
Schizophreniab	3	0.00%	1.72 (1.52, 1.94)	<0.001	17.7%		1.22 (1.04, 1.43)	0.014
Anxiety	2	97.10%	2.02 (1.56, 2.61)	<0.001	0.0%		1.76 (1.70, 1.83)	<0.001
Anxietyb	3	99.1%	1.86 (1.42, 2.43)	<0.001	97.5%		1.62 (1.35, 1.95)	<0.001
All anxietydb	8	96.4%	1.66 (1.38, 1.99)	<0.001	96.4%		1.66 (1.38, 1.99)	<0.001
Depression	2	99.10%	2.03 (1.45, 2.86)	<0.001	97.8%		1.92 (1.53, 2.42)	<0.001
Depressionb	3	99.4	1.86 (1.37, 2.52)	<0.001	99.4		1.66 (1.18, 2.35)	0.004
All depressiondb	9	99.1%	1.86 (1.35, 2.56)	<0.001	99.1%		1.86 (1.35, 2.56)	<0.001

ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.

^aAdjusted association included adjusted ORs if available.

^bafter including an additional study by Cesta et al. study;

^cafter including an additional study by Pohl et al.

^dafter including an additional meta-analysis study by Blay et al.