Table 2.

Summary of primary and secondary outcomes of applied studies

Authors, year	Study type	N	Demographic data	Test modality	Cognitive/behavioural aspect investigated	Task/test	I/II level tool
Simeon et al. [26]	Cohort based Cross-sectional No control group	1514 HPs	Age: 71.11 ± 4.45 Education: 0–8:47.82%; 8–12: 37.71%; >12: 14.46% M/F: 0/100%	Telephone	Global cognitive efficiency	TICS-m	I
Motolese et al. [27]	Cohort based No control group	54 PD patients	Age: 66.5 (range: 59.7–72.2); Education: Bachelor’s degree: 27.7%; high school: 48.1%; upper secondary school or lower: 22%; M/F: 67/33%	Telephone	Gobal cognitive efficiency	NMSQ: GDSsf; PDQ-8; UPDRS-I,-II, and -IV	I
Costabile et al. [28]	Cohort based Control group	497 MS patients; 348 HPs	MS: Age: 42.4 ± 10.7 Education: 14 ± 3.3 M/F: 29.4/70.6% HPs: Age: 40.8 ± 11.9 Education: 16.6 ± 2.8 M/F:24.1/75.9%	Web	Global cognitive efficiency; executive functions; Mood	Neuro-QoL	I
Bacaro et al. [29]	Cohort based No control group	1989 HPs	Age: 38.4 ± 12.8 M/F: 23.8/76.2%	Web	Mood	HADS	I
Rainero et al. [30]	Cohort based No control group	4913 caregivers of demented patients (AD, LBD, FTD, VaD)	Patients: Age: 78.3 ± 8.2 M/F:40.3/ 59,.7%	Telephone	Global cognitive efficiency; executive functions; language; perception; Attention; memory; BPSD	CDR; Ad hoc questionnaire	I
Carlos et al. [31]	Cohort based No control group	204 CI patients and HPs	Age: ≥65; Mdn = 82 (75.3–84) M/F: 42.6/57.4%	Telephone	Mood; Memory	GDS-5; Ad hoc questionnaire	I

HPs healthy participants, TICS-m Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified, PD Parkinson’s disease, NMSQ Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire, GDSsf Geriatric Depression Scale short form, PDQ-8 Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-8 items, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, MS multiple sclerosis, Neuro-QoL quality of life in neurological disorders, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, AD Alzheimer’s disease, LBD Lewy body dementia, FTD frontotemporal dementia, VaD vascular dementia, BPSD behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, CDR clinical dementia rating, GDS-5 Geriatric Depression Scale-5 items, CI cognitive impairment