Figure 2.

Increase in atrial size is more important than electrophysiologic remodelling in progression from paroxysmal to persistent AF. Reproduced with permission from Kojodjojo et al.⁶⁷ (A) Right atrial volume (RAV) and left atrial volume (LAV) progressively increase from control patients to those with paroxysmal AF (PAF) with a further increase in those with persistent AF (PsAF). (B) Wave propagation velocity is reduced in both PAF and PsAF to a similar extent. (C) Effective refractory period (ERP) is reduced in both PAF and PsAF to a similar extent. Various locations showed similar findings including high right atrium (HRA), septum and distal coronary sinus (DCS).