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. 2021 Nov 9;29(15):21275–21288. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17160-8

Table 3.

Fiscal multipliers pandemic shock

Description FM(1) FM(2) FM(3) FM(4) FM(5)
Govt. consumption 0.8468 0.4005 0.2714 −0.1561 0.8054
Tax relief 0.3982 1.2406 1.1281 −0.0634 0.3792
Economic Stabilization Program 0.3612 1.2686 1.0891 −0.0718 0.3445
Transfer 0.3815 1.1805 1.0769 −0.0599 0.3633
Liquidity assistance 0.3197 0.1512 0.0462 −0.0750 −0.1091