Table 4.

Logistic regression model for risk factors associated with uncontrolled outdoor access for cats based on owner reports, with province/state as a random effect (N = 7,838 participants).

Risk factors		ORa	95% CIb	P
Gender		-	-	0.013
	Man (ref.)c	-	-	-
	Woman	1.64	1.03, 2.60	0.037
	My gender identity is not listed above	4.02	1.41, 11.50	0.009
	Prefer not to answer	3.23	1.29, 8.13	0.013
Education		-	-	0.007
	College Certificate or Diploma (ref.)	-	-	-
	Elementary school	0.25	0.04, 1.56	0.138
	Secondary school	1.26	0.91, 1.75	0.170
	Bachelor's degree	0.78	0.60, 1.02	0.068
	Master's degree	0.68	0.46, 1.00	0.050
	Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree	0.67	0.34, 1.33	0.250
	Professional degree	0.49	0.30, 0.78	0.003
	Prefer not to answer	0.61	0.29, 1.29	0.198
Living location		-	-	<0.001
	Large city (300,000–1 million people) (ref.)	-	-	-
	Village (<1,000 people)	1.85	1.22, 2.79	0.003
	Small town (1,000–20,000 people)	1.30	0.92, 1.82	0.134
	Large town (20,000–100,000 people)	0.97	0.68, 1.38	0.858
	Small city (100,000–300,000 people)	0.76	0.54, 1.07	0.116
	Metropolis (>1 million people)	1.19	0.74, 1.91	0.471
Household type		-	-	<0.001
	Detached house (ref.)	-	-	-
	Apartment/condo	0.15	0.10, 0.24	<0.001
	Townhouse/semi-detached	0.60	0.43, 0.83	0.002
	Trailer home	1.43	0.55, 3.73	0.466
	Farm/acreage	6.92	3.17, 15.11	<0.001
	Other	1.48	0.47, 4.62	0.505
	Prefer not to answer	0.69	0.13, 3.60	0.662

Owner demographics reported here, with other aspects of the model reported in Tables 3, 5–7.

^aOdds ratio based on the output of mixed logistic regression model.

^b95% confidence interval of the odds ratio.

^cReferent category.

Bolded values indicate significance (p < 0.05).