TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of all patients.
| All | OS group | COPD group | OSAS group | p Value | p Value OS and COPD | p Value OS and OSAS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 395 | n = 79 | n = 158 | n = 158 | ||||
| Age (years) | 60.6 ± 9.5 | 60.7 ± 9.6 | 60.6 ± 9.5 | 60.6 ± 9.6 | 0.993 | ||
| Male, n (%) | 275 (69.6) | 55 (69.6) | 110 (69.6) | 110 (69.6) | 1.000 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 5.1 | 26.5 ± 2.3 | 24.4 ± 7.1 | 24.8 ± 3.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 92 (23.3) | 23 (29.1) | 35 (22.2) | 34 (21.5) | 0.388 | ||
| Smoking index | 717.6 ± 412.0 | 863.5 ± 487.8 | 622.6 ± 293.5 | 716.9 ± 442.2 | 0.130 | ||
| Laboratory data | |||||||
| PO2 (mmHg) | 72.0 ± 15.3 | 60.2 ± 12.7 | 74.5 ± 16.2 | 75.4 ± 12.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PCO2 (mmHg) | 48.1 ± 11.2 | 57.1 ± 12.2 | 47.5 ± 10.7 | 44.1 ± 8.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SaO2 (%) | 91.2 ± 7.2 | 86.5 ± 9.4 | 92.8 ± 5.0 | 92.0 ± 6.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 1.0 ± 1.9 | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 2.2 | 0.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.497 | <0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.226 | 0.033 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 144.3 ± 21.7 | 149.7 ± 25.9 | 142.4 ± 21.0 | 143.6 ± 19.7 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.118 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 9.8 ± 23.2 | 14.8 ± 30.3 | 11.2 ± 25.0 | 5.8 ± 15.3 | <0.001 | 0.373 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.459 | ||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.559 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.440 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 778.9 ± 2138.5 | 1181.8 ± 2286.2 | 937.7 ± 2729.5 | 418.6 ± 1091.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| cTnT (ng/ml) | 0.05 ± 0.24 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.38 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.700 | 0.001 |
| CK (U/L) | 101.8 ± 207.7 | 76.8 ± 105.4 | 91.7 ± 139.1 | 124.2 ± 286.9 | <0.001 | 0.202 | <0.001 |
| CKMB (U/L) | 16.1 ± 19.4 | 17.3 ± 17.6 | 14.7 ± 10.0 | 16.9 ± 26.2 | 0.764 | ||
| LDH (U/L) | 245.2 ± 96.7 | 264.2 ± 80.5 | 261.5 ± 125.0 | 219.4 ± 59.1 | <0.001 | 0.302 | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||||||
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 127 (32.2) | 25 (31.6) | 26 (16.5) | 76 (48.1) | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.016 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 109 (27.6) | 21 (26.6) | 25 (15.8) | 61 (38.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.067 |
| Antisterone, n (%) | 90 (22.8) | 26 (32.9) | 40 (25.3) | 24 (15.2) | 0.006 | 0.029 | 0.002 |
| Nifedipine, n (%) | 87 (22.0) | 26 (32.9) | 24 (15.2) | 37 (23.4) | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.019 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 118 (29.9) | 48 (60.8) | 44 (27.8) | 26 (16.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 164 (41.5) | 29 (36.7) | 29 (18.4) | 106 (67.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| CCI | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 214 (54.2) | 56 (70.9) | 45 (28.5) | 113 (71.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.919 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 112 (28.4) | 30 (38.0) | 29 (18.4) | 53 (33.5) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.500 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 22 (5.6) | 3 (3.8) | 3 (1.9) | 16 (10.1) | 0.004 | 0.403 | 0.091 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 70 (17.7) | 15 (19.0) | 21 (13.3) | 34 (21.5) | 0.151 | 0.249 | 0.650 |
| PTE, n (%) | 5 (1.3) | 4 (5.1) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.012 |
| Hypoxemia, n (%) | 319 (80.8) | 72 (91.1) | 127 (80.4) | 120 (75.9) | 0.020 | 0.033 | 0.005 |
| Hypercapnia, n (%) | 96 (24.3) | 55 (69.6) | 33 (20.9) | 8 (5.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 56 (14.2) | 29 (36.7) | 17 (10.8) | 10 (6.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
OS, overlap syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; BMI, body mass index; PO2, oxygen partial pressure; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SaO2, oxygen saturation; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; CK, creatine kinase; CKMB, creatine kinase-MB; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; PTE, pulmonary thromboembolism.