TABLE 5B.
Overview of the results within “maximal incremental exercise (MIT)”.
| Study | Sample characteristics (Mean ± SD) | NIRS—devise, Inter Optode Distance (IOD), position, wave specifications | Physical task | Type of task and exercise intensity | Outcome |
| Bhambhani et al. (2007) | 7 M A: 26.7 ± 8.6 year Length: 178 ± 0.6 cm Mass :77.5 ± 9.3 kg BMI: 24.1 ± 2.5 Training status: PL1 | MicroRunman, NIM Inc., Philadelphia, PA IOD: 40 mm Position: left pre-frontal lobe, ± 3 cm from midline, just above the supra-orbital ridge | (Cycling) • 2-min rest + baseline measurement • MIT: 30 W/2-min until exhaustion |
MIT – ↑ 30 W/2-min | • PETco2 ↑ systematically until RCT-GEX • After RCT-GEX: PETco2 ↓ continuously until exhaustion • CBV and Cox ↑ systematically during MIT, slightly beyond the RCT-GEX-intensity, then continuous ↓until exhaustion •↑in Cbv > ↑ in Cox • Sign. difference RCT-GEX, 76.9% and RCT-NIRS, 81.0%, as %VO2max |
| Rupp and Perrey (2008) | 13 M A: 24.9 ± 1.5 year Length: 179.3 ± 1.8 cm Mass: 71.1 ± 1.2 kg Training status: PL5 | NIRO-300, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan IOD: 50 mm Position: Fp1 and F3, according to the modified international EEG 10–20 system 775, 810, 850, and 905 nm | (Cycling) • 2-min rest + baseline measurement • 3-min warm-up at 60 W MIT: 30 W/min until exhaustion Pre- and post-MIT: 2 MVICs (knee extensor) |
MIT – 60 + 30 W/min |
PFC-oxygenation •Δ[tHb] ↑ until VT2 and then stabilized •Δ[HHb] ↑ with the workload after warm-up until exhaustion and finally ↓ toward resting values during recovery •Δ[HbO2] ↑ from warm-up to VT2, then dropped until exhaustion and finally ↑ over resting values during recovery • Exhaustion and finally overshot the resting values during recovery |
| Timinkul et al. (2008) | 10 M A: 21.4 ± 0.6 year Length: 175 ± 1.6 cm Mass: 68 ± 3.6 kg Training status: PL1 | NIRO-300, Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan IOD: 50 mm Position: Fp1 and F3, according to the modified international EEG 10–20 system 775, 810, 850, and 905 nm Continuous wave | (Cycling) • 2-min rest + baseline measurement • MIT: 0 + 25 W/3 min until 150 W, 150 + 25 W/min until exhaustion |
MIT - 150 + 25 W/min | • HR and VO2 ↑ progressively • Correlation between [Bla] and HHb and HR and HbO2 • TOI response showed a small ↑ (2–7%) or no change (one subject) with ↑ workload. However, before all-out, it began to ↓ gradually • PETCO2 ↑ gradually with ↑ workload and reached its peak, then ↓ gradually until all-out 3 distinct phases 1. Linear oxygenation phase (until blood volume threshold) • HbO2: gradual ↑ in VO2 from start till 15 min (100 W). • HHb: small↓ 2. Hyper-oxygenation phase: • HbO2: rapid cerebral oxygen intake after 15-min (100 W) • HHb: ± = 3. Desaturation phase: • HbO2: oxygenation continuously ↓from respiratory compensation threshold until exhaustion HHb: ↑ |
| Tempest et al. (2014) | 13 M, 12 F A: 25.6 ± 3.4 year Length: 174.8 ± 6.8 cm Mass: 71.8 ± 8.3 kg BMI: 23.5 ± 2.2 VO2peak: 41.8 ± 5.2 ml/kg–1*min–1 Training status: PL1 | Oxymon Mk II, Artinis Medical Systems, Zetten, the Netherlands IOD: 40 mm Position: AF2 h and F6 h sites of the extended 10–5EEG system Continuous wave | (Cycling) • Recumbent cycle ergometer MIT: 20 W/min until exhaustion |
MIT – 20 W/min | •ΔHbO2 ↑ from below VT to VT and VT to RCP, but remained stable from RCP to End •Δ HHb remained stable from below VT to VT, then ↑ from VT to RCP and RCP to End •Δ tHb increased from below VT, to VT, RCP, and End |
| Jung et al. (2015) | 9 M A: 23–24 year Length: 182 ± 5 cm Mass: 77.6 ± 4.6 kg Fat%: 11.0 ± 2.8% Training status: PL3 | Oxymon, Artinis, Zetten, The Netherlands IOD: 25 mm Position: left PFC (Brodmann area 10, MNI coordinates (x/y/z) -40, 50, 0) 858 and 764 nm Continuous wave | (Cycling) • MIT: 1 W/Kg + 1 W/Kg*3-min–1 until exhaustion 1 stage = + 1 W/Kg |
MIT – 1 W/Kg + 1 W/Kg*3-min–1 |
HbO2 • Continuously ↑ from stage 1 to stage 2 and from stage 2 to stage 3 • Leveled between stage 3 and 4 HHb: • No changes |
| Oussaidene et al. (2015) | Endurance athletes (TR) 13 M A: 26 ± 5 year Length: 178.5 ± 5.8 cm Mass: 70 ± 6 kg Training status: PL3 Untrained (UNT) 11 M A: 24 ± 6 year Length: 179.7 ± 4.9 cm Mass: 77.2 ± 6.1 kg Training status: PL1 | Oxymon, Artinis, Zetten, The Netherlands IOD: 50 mm Position: Fp1 and F3, according to the modified international EEG 10–20 system 780 and 857 nm Continuous wave | (Cycling) • 5 min resting period • 3-min warm-up 60 W (UNT), 100 W (TR) • MIT: warm-up workload ↑ with 1 W/3-s until exhaustion • 8-min rest (2 active, 8 passive) • TTE: o 1-min (50 Wmax) o 105% Wmax until exhaustion |
MIT – 60 W or 100 + 1W/3-s TTE – 105%Wmax | HbO2: •ΔHbO2 ↑ from rest to ThCox and ↓ between ThCox and Wmax HHb: •ΔHHb ↑ between rest and Wmax in TR and UNT, but only in TR between rest and ThCox tHb: •ΔtHb ↑ from rest to WThCOx and stopped increasing between ThCOx and Wmax, in the two groups Only ΔHbO2 at ThCox was higher in TR than in UNT without a difference in Wmax between groups |
| Tempest and Parfitt (2016) | High tolerance (HT) 7 M, 7 F A: 20.6 ± 1.4 year Length: 171.0 ± 7.5 cm Mass: 69.3 ± 7.3 kg BMI: 23.4 ± 2.0 Training status: PL2 Low tolerance (LT) | NIRO 200 Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan IOD: 40 mm Position: between Fp1 and F3 (left side) and Fp2 and F4 (right side) of the International 10–20 system | (Cycling) • MIT: 20 W/min until exhaustion 70 RPM |
MIT – ↑ 20 W/min | • Overall TTE (in seconds) = between HT- and LT-group HbO2 •ΔHbO2 remained stable from below VT to VT, then ↑ from VT to RCP and from RCP to end in both groups. HHb •ΔHHb remained stable from below VT to VT, that increased from VT to RCP and from RCP to end in both groups tHb •ΔtHb remained stable from below VT to VT, ↑ from VT to RCP and from RCP to end |
| 7 M, 7 F A: 21.5 ± 3.4 year Length: 173.2 ± 9.1 cm Mass: 68.6 ± 12.8 kg BMI: 22.4 ± 2.7 Training status: PL1 | |||||
| Tempest et al. (2017) | 6 M, 6 F A: 26.2 ± 3.0 year Length: 173.7 ± 7.6 cm Mass: 72.7 ± 9.1 kg Training status: PL1 | Oxymon Mk II, Artinis Medical Systems, Zetten, the Netherlands IOD: 38 mm Position: 10/20 international system for electrode placement (the most inferior probes in line with Fpz) | (Cycling) • MIT: 20 W/min until exhaustion. Upright, recumbent and semi-recumbent position. |
MIT – 20 W/min | HbO2 •ΔHbO2↑ from VT to RCP, but remained stable until maximal intensity, and was higher in the left than the right hemisphere. HHb •ΔHHb during upright was similar to recumbent but higher than semi-recumbent cycling •ΔHHb ↑ from VT to RCP and maximal intensities tHb •ΔtHb during upright was similar to semi-recumbent, but higher than recumbent cycling •ΔtHb ↑ from VT, to RCP and maximal intensities |
| Stevens et al. (2018) | 15 M A: 27.8 ± 3.21 year Length: 173.7 ± 7.6 cm BMI: 24.96 ± 3.21 VO2max: 41.80 ± 7.69 ml/kg*min–1 Training status: PL1 | OxiplexTS, ISS, Champaign, Illinois, Unite d States IOD: 20, 25, 30, and 35 mm Position: Fp1 and F2, according to the international EEG 10–20 system 690 and 830 nm | (Cycling) • 2-min pre-exercise rest • 2-min resistance-free cycling at a self-selected cadence 30 W increments every 2 min until exhaustion |
MIT – 0 + 30 W/2-min | • HbO2 and tHb: little change up to 15% ↑VO2max, quadratic increase up to 75% and a small increase above the RCT • HHb: linear trend against exercise intensity COx was unchanged with intensity |
| Kojima et al. (2020) | 4 M, 8 F A: 21.6 ± 0.2 year Length: 162.6 ± 2 cm Mass: 57.3 ± 2.9 kg Training status: / | OMM3000, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan IOD: 30 mm Position: Cz position of the International 10–20 System | (Cycling) • 4-min pre-exercise rest • 4-min warm-up 20 W increments/min until exhaustion |
MIT – 0 + 20 W/min | • HbO2 ↑ until RCP and ↓ until exhaustion • HHb ↑ VT until exhaustion but not from rest to VT • tHb ↑ from start to RCP and further to exhaustion • SBF ↑ at VT, RCP and exhaustion compared to rest |
| Kojima et al. (2021) | 24 M A: 20.7 ± 0 year Length: 172.6 ± 5.9 cm Mass: 64.8 ± 9.9 kg Training status: / | LABNIRS, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan IOD: 30 mm Position: Cz position of the International 10–20 System | (Cycling) • 4-min pre-exercise rest • 4-min warm-up 20 W increments/min until exhaustion |
MIT – 0 + 20 W/min | • HbO2 ↑ until RCP and ↓ until exhaustion • RCP correlated with the HbO2 decreasing point ↑↑ΔHHb, ΔTHb, ΔCBV, and ΔSBF ↑ with load until exhaustion •ΔPETCO2 first ↑ with incremental load and then ↓ from 60 to 100% • PETCO2 correlated with ΔHHb but not with HbO2 and ΔCBV |
M, man; F, female; A, age; Y, Years BMI, Body Mass Index; Fat%, body fat; KG, kilogram; Cm, Centimeter; mm, Millimeter; VO2peak, VO2max Maximal Oxygen Uptake; PL, Performance Level; NIRS, Near Infrared Spectroscopy; IOD, Inter Optode Distance; TTE, Time To Exhaustion; SaO2, Arterial Oxygen Saturation; VO2, Oxygen Uptake, VE, Ventilation; HR, Heart Rate; tHb, Total Hemoglobin; HbO2, Oxygenated hemoglobin; HHb, Deoxygenated Hemoglobin; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sec, Second; Min, Minute; Km, Kilometer; H, Hour; BP, Blood Pressure; PFC, Prefrontal Cortex; PMC, Premotor Cortex; m-SMC, Medial Sensori-Motor Cortex; TT, Time-Trial; EEG, Electroencephalography; RPE, Rating of Perceived Exertion; CPT(RM), Constant-Power Test (Respiratory Maneuver); RPM, Rotations per Minute; SBF, Skin Blood Flow; TOI, Tissue Oxygenation Index; MVC, Maximal Voluntary Contraction; MIT, Maximal Incremental Exercise Test; Cox, Cerebral Oxygenation; FTT, Fatigue Training Test; PER, Post-Exercise Rest; MAP, Mean Arterial Pressure; PAP, Peak Aerobic Power; T, Trial; PETCO2, End-tidal pressure of CO2.