Table 4: Pharmacological Pathways and Indications of the New Medical Treatments.

Indication	Drugs	Pathways
Type 2 diabetes	SGLT2i GLP1-RA	Multiple (see text) Multiple (see text)
Prevention and/or Dyslipidaemia (Hypercholesterolaemia, Hypertriglyceridaemia)	PCSK9i Inclisiran Icosapentyl ethyl Bempedoic acid	LDL-C reduction LDL-C reduction VLDL and triglycerides reduction LDL-C reduction
Acute heart failure	SGLT2i and SGLT1i (sotagliflozin)	Multiple (see text)
Chronic HFrEF	ARNI SGLT2i Vericiguat Omecamtiv Mecarbil	Neprilysin inhibition/upregulation of natriuretic peptides RAAS inhibition NO/cGMP/PKG boosting Multiple (see text) Selective stimulation of NO/cGMP/PKG Selective cardiac myosin activation
Chronic HFmrEF	ARNI and SGLT2i	Neprilysin inhibition/upregulation of natriuretic peptides RAAS inhibition NO/cGMP/PKG boosting
Chronic HFpEF	ARNI only in women SGLT2i and SGLT1i(?)	Neprilysin inhibition/upregulation of natriuretic peptides RAAS inhibition NO/cGMP/PKG boosting Multiple (see text)
Chronic kidney disease	SGLT2i	Multiple (see text)

ARNI = angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; cGMP = cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GLP-1 RA = glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HDL-C = HDL cholesterol; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LDL-C = LDL cholesterol; NO = nitric oxide; PCSK9i = proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors; PKG = protein kinase G; RAAS = renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SGLT2i = sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors; VLDL = very low-density lipoprotein.