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. 2021 Nov 8;8(1):e000765. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000765

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Differential expression of DGAST compared with nDUO. (A) Enrichment of KEGG pathways for genes expressed uniquely in DGAST tumour samples compared with nDUO and nPANC and PNET. (B) Volcano plot showing statistical significance versus fold change for DGAST versus nDUO DEGs. Significance of upregulated and downregulated genes was determined by adjusted p<0.05. (C) KEGG pathways of significantly upregulated genes based on enrichment analysis of 1342 overexpressed genes and (D) KEGG pathways of significantly downregulated genes based on enrichment analysis of 1291 underexpressed genes in DGAST compared with nDUO. Gene counts on the x-axis plotted as a function of bar colours that reflect the adjusted p value range indicated in the figure. (E) Heatmap of specific DEGs that function as nuclear regulatory factors for three nDUOs and four DGASTs. (F) Heatmap of specific DEGs that comprise signal transduction factors for three nDUOs and four DGASTs. Columns clustered by Z-transformation and Euclidean distance. DEGs, differentially expressed genes; DGAST, duodenal gastrinoma; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; nDUO, normal duodenum; nPANC, normal pancreas; PNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour. cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ECM, extracellular matrix; GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.