. 2021 Jul 15;70(10):2225–2236. doi: 10.2337/db21-0160

Table 1.

Participants’ sex, age, body composition, plasma lipids, and insulin sensitivity indices

		Obese
	Lean	Insulin sensitive	Quartile 2	Insulin resistant
N (n female/n male)	15 (10/5)	11 (7/4)	9 (8/1)	17 (13/4)
Age (years)	39 ± 12	46 ± 10	48 ± 11	41 ± 11
BMI (kg/m²)	22.7 ± 1.8	36.6 ± 5.4^a	36.8 ± 3.8^a	38.6 ± 5.1^a
Body mass (kg)	64 ± 6	102 ± 18^a	99 ± 13^a	108 ± 18^a
FFM (kg)	45 ± 7	57 ± 12^a	50 ± 9^a	59 ± 10^a
Fat mass (kg)	19 ± 5	46 ± 13^a	49 ± 9^a	50 ± 10^a
Body fat (%)	30 (28, 37)	46 (34, 51)^a	51 (46, 53)^a	45 (43, 48)^a
Android fat mass (% total body fat mass)	6 ± 1	9 ± 2^a	9 ± 2^a	10 ± 2^a
Gynoid fat mass (% total body fat mass)	19 ± 2	16 ± 3^a	16 ± 2^a	16 ± 2^a
Android–to–gynoid fat mass ratio	0.34 ± 0.07	0.57 ± 0.14^a	0.54 ± 0.09^a	0.60 ± 0.13^a
IAAT volume (cm³)	975 (771, 1,396)	2,732 (2,107, 4,011)^a	3,294 (2,743, 3,611)^a	3,697 (2,037, 4,235)^a^†
ASAT volume (cm³)	2,458 ± 1,012	9,164 ± 2,706^a	11,018 ± 3,147^a	11,567 ± 2,608^a
Insulin-stimulated glucose R_d
µmol/min	3,906 ± 282^a	4,215 ± 239^a	2,745 ± 111^b	1,752 ± 91^c
(µmol/min)/(pmol insulin per liter plasma)	6.6 ± 2.3^a	6.0 ± 1.0^a	4.3 ± 1.1^b	2.6 ± 0.5^c
µmol/kg body wt/min	65 (52, 74)^a	40 (37, 42)^b	27 (25, 30)^c	16 (13, 19)^d
µmol/m² BSA/min	2,385 (1,741, 2,606)^a	1,938 (1,793, 2,051)^a	1,380 (1,178, 1,458)^b	815 (717, 936)^c
µmol/kg FFM/min	88 (73, 104)^a	78 (68, 85)^a	54 (49, 67)^b	31 (26, 36)^c
Clamp stage 2 GIR in relation to plasma insulin
(µmol/min)/(pmol/L)	5.9 ± 2.0^a	5.9 ± 0.9^a	4.2 ± 1.1^b	2.3 ± 0.6^c
(µmol/kg body wt/min)/(pmol/L)	0.10 (0.00, 0.11)^a	0.06 (0.05, 0.06)^b	0.04 (0.04, 0.05)^c	0.02 (0.02, 0.03)^d
(µmol/m² BSA/min)/(pmol/L)	3.2 (2.3, 4.0)^a	2.8 (2.5, 2.9)^ab	2.0 (1.7, 2.4)^c	1.0 (0.9, 1.3)^d
(µmol/kg FFM/min)/(pmol/L)	0.12 (0.10, 0.15)^a	0.10 (0.10, 0.12)^ab	0.08 (0.06, 0.11)^b	0.04 (0.03, 0.05)^c
Hepatic insulin sensitivity index^**	15.5 (14.0, 24.5)^a	14.7 (10.6, 18.7)^ab	9.6 (7.3, 11.4)^bc	5.7 (4.6, 7.6)^c^†
Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity index (lipolysis)^*	74 (54, 102)	70 (49, 88)	57 (44, 73)	26 (20, 38)^a^†
Plasma free fatty acids (µmol/L)	488 ± 141	640 ± 117^a	515 ± 116^a	643 ± 155^a
Plasma triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.7 ± 0.3^a	0.8 ± 0.2^ab	1.2 ± 0.3^bc	1.5 ± 0.4^c^†

Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated. ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in outcome variables among groups. Skewed data sets were log transformed to achieve normal distribution before analysis. ASAT, abdominal SAT; BSA, body surface area; FFM, fat-free mass; GIR, glucose infusion rate during stage 2 of the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp; IAAT, intra-abdominal adipose tissue.

Expressed as 10,000/[(µmol palmitate/kg fat mass/min)×(pmol insulin/L)].

^**

Expressed as 10,000/[(µmol glucose/kg fat-free mass/min)×(pmol insulin/L)].

^†

Linear trend among the obese groups, P < 0.05. Values in each row not sharing letters are significantly different from each other, P < 0.05.