Table 2.
Pooled summary estimates and quality of evidence derived from direct and indirect estimates and network meta-analysis informing on comparative efficacy of educational interventions for improving quality of bowel preparation before colonoscopya.
| Educational instruction | Direct estimate | Indirect estimate | Network meta-analysis | |||||||||
| ORb (95% CI) | Quality of evidence | OR (95% CI) | Quality of evidence | OR (95% CI) | Quality of evidence | |||||||
| Compared with standard patient instructions | ||||||||||||
|
|
Additional explanations | 3.34 (1.45-7.69) | Moderatec | n.e.d | N/Ae | 3.56 (2.46-5) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Visual aids | 1.18 (0.78-1.8) | Moderatef | n.e. | N/A | 1.21 (0.78-1.81) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Newly designed booklets | 3.63 (2.15-6.12) | Very lowg,h | n.e. | N/A | 3.81 (2.19-6.3) | Very low | |||||
|
|
New visual aids | 3.05 (1.21-7.68) | Very lowc,g,i |
n.e. | N/A | 3.61 (1.29-8.63) | Very low | |||||
|
|
SMS text messaging | 2.77 (1.86-4.14) | High | 2.12 (0.96-4.03) | Very low | 2.7 (1.85-3.86) | High | |||||
|
|
Telephone calls | 2.64 (1.03-6.74) | Moderatej | 2.22 (0.55-8.93) | Very low | 2.15 (1.49-3.02) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | 2.82 (1.83-4.35) | Lowk | n.e. | N/A | 2.7 (2.12-3.41) | Low | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | 2.7 (1.75-4.18) | High | 1.03 (0.57-1.85) | Low | 2.81 (2.07-3.73) | High | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | 1.85 (0.15-23.24) | Very lowj,h | n.e. | N/A | 1.15 (0.53-2.19) | Very low | |||||
| Compared with additional explanations | ||||||||||||
|
|
Visual aids | N/A | N/A | 0.34 (0.14-0.87) | Moderate | 0.35 (0.19-0.59) | High | |||||
|
|
Newly designed booklets | N/A | N/A | 1.05 (0.39-2.83) | Very low | 1.11 (0.56-2) | Very low | |||||
|
|
New visual aids | N/A | N/A | 0.89 (0.26-3.08) | Very low | 1.05 (0.34-2.61) | Very low | |||||
|
|
SMS text messaging | N/A | N/A | 0.81 (0.32-2.03) | Moderate | 0.79 (0.45-1.26) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Telephone calls | N/A | N/A | 0.77 (0.22-2.7) | Moderate | 0.62 (0.37-0.99) | High | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 0.82 (0.32-2.1) | Low | 0.79 (0.5-0.77) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 0.79 (0.31-2.01) | Moderate | 0.81 (0.5-1.26) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.54 (0.04-7.66) | Very low | 0.33 (0.14-0.68) | Low | |||||
| Compared with visual aids | ||||||||||||
|
|
Newly designed booklets | N/A | N/A | 3.08 (1.58-6.01) | Very low | 3.28 (1.59-6.16) | Low | |||||
|
|
New visual aids | N/A | N/A | 2.59 (0.94-7.13) | Very low | 3.12 (0.98-7.96) | Very low | |||||
|
|
SMS text messaging | N/A | N/A | 2.35 (1.32-4.19) | Moderate | 2.33 (1.28-3.91) | High | |||||
|
|
Telephone calls | N/A | N/A | 2.24 (0.8-6.26) | Moderate | 1.86 (1.03-1.78) | High | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 2.39 (1.31-4.36) | Low | 2.33 (1.4-3.65) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 2.29 (1.25-4.18) | Moderate | 2.42 (1.4-3.93) | High | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 1.57 (0.86-2.87) | Very low | 0.99 (0.4-2.05) | Very low | |||||
| Compared with newly designed booklets | ||||||||||||
|
|
New visual aids | N/A | N/A | 0.84 (0.29-2.43) | Very low | 1.02 (0.3-2.68) | Very low | |||||
|
|
SMS text messaging | N/A | N/A | 0.76 (0.4-1.47) | Very low | 0.76 (0.38-1.37) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Telephone calls | N/A | N/A | 0.73 (0.25-2.13) | Very low | 0.61 (0.3-1.09) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 0.78 (0.39-1.53) | Very low | 0.76 (0.41-1.3) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 0.74 (0.38-1.47) | Very low | 0.79 (0.41-1.37) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.51 (0.04-6.69) | Very low | 0.32 (0.12-0.7) | Low | |||||
| Compared with new visual aids | ||||||||||||
|
|
SMS text messaging | N/A | N/A | 0.91 (0.33-2.49) | Very low | 0.94 (0.29-2.24) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Telephone calls | N/A | N/A | 0.87 (0.23-3.23) | Very low | 0.75 (0.23-1.76) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 0.93 (0.33-2.57) | Very low | 0.95 (0.3-2.15) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 0.89 (0.32-2.46) | Very low | 0.98 (0.31-2.27) | Very low | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.61 (0.04-8.9) | Very low | 0.4 (0.1-1.05) | Very low | |||||
| Compared with SMS text messaging | ||||||||||||
|
|
Telephone calls | 1.25 (0.33-4.77) | Very lowf,i | 0.95 (0.34-2.65) | Moderate | 0.82 (0.48-1.31) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 1.02 (0.57-1.84) | Low | 1.04 (0.65-1.56) | Low | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | 1.32 (0.63-2.78) | Lowl | 0.98 (0.54-1.76) | High | 1.07 (0.67-1.62) | High | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.67 (0.05-8.58) | Very low | 0.44 (0.18-0.9) | Low | |||||
| Compared with telephone calls | ||||||||||||
|
|
Educational videos | N/A | N/A | 1.07 (0.38-3.01) | Low | 1.3 (0.83-1.95) | Low | |||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 1.02 (0.36-2.88) | Moderate | 1.35 (0.82-2.07) | Moderate | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.70 (0.05-10.33) | Very low | 0.55 (0.23-1.13) | Very low | |||||
| Compared with educational videos | ||||||||||||
|
|
Social media applications | N/A | N/A | 0.96 (0.52-1.77) | Low | 1.05 (0.71-1.51) | Low | |||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.66 (0.05-8.47) | Very low | 0.43 (0.19-0.85) | Low | |||||
| Compared with social media applications | ||||||||||||
|
|
Mobile apps | N/A | N/A | 0.69 (0.05-8.85) | Very low | 0.42 (0.18-0.83) | Low | |||||
aThe italicized values indicate statistically significant differences.
bOR: odds ratio.
cOne was rated with high risk.
dn.e.: not estimable.
eN/A: not applicable.
fOnly one was captured.
gPoint estimates between two studies were conflicting.
hOne with only 266 participants was included.
iOne with only 200 participants was included.
jA wide 95% CI was generated.
kTwo were rated with high risk.
lOne with only 257 participants was included.